party system - a certain number of parties and the relationship between them.Every developing country is inherent in a political regime that was established centuries.Today there are several types of party systems.Which is typical for modern Russia, and why it is so historically - questions that researchers are still looking for answers.
parties and party systems
New political party appears to satisfy the interests of different social strata.Their number is a reflection of the degree of economic and ideological heterogeneity of interests.The greater the degree of heterogeneity, so, consequently, more parties in the political system.Each of them meets the interests of a particular segment of the population.The position of parties in the political system, the nature of their interaction, as well as their type create a special configuration for each state, ie current party system.Each characterized by its own Power.
types of party systems can be:
- one-party;
- bipartisan;
- multiparty.
one-party system
The main feature serves the monopoly of one party in the state.The existence of a one-party system is possible with totalitarian or authoritarian regimes.
Such systems typically are subdivided into two types.The first - actually a single-party system, that is the head of state is really one party, which controls all activities.The second type - a formal multi-party system.Its essence lies in the fact that, despite the existence of several parties, all power belongs to only one, it is called a hegemon.
Party of Eastern Europe belonged to this type until 1990.At present, it is typical for China, however, in addition to the ruling Communist Party, operates eight others.
two-party system
main feature - a constant competition between the two major political parties, their alternate board.In such a system have no other significant political weight.This means that almost all parliamentary seats gets the deputies of the two parties, which are gaining more and more votes.The two-party system can not be a coalition, because every party in itself is such.The main representatives are the English-speaking countries - the United States and the United Kingdom.
2,5-party system
This type is not officially recognized, because it is extremely rare, but from a theoretical point of view, it is worth remembering about it.He is something of a cross between two-party and multi-party system.Manifested in the event that neither of the two competing parties can not gain the necessary number of votes, for example, one gains 43%, and another - 47%.For the formation of the government is necessary 50% plus one vote.
In this case, the missing percentages are taken from the insignificant party, which for them will be able to acquire significant powers.
multiparty system
The main difference is the competition of several parties.In accordance with the amount of their release party systems of moderate (3-5) and extreme (6 or more) pluralism.But it is not one of them is not alone in power.To do this, several parties are united in a coalition.It is necessary for intraparliamentary work and government in general.The party system of modern Russia belongs to this type.
Species multiparty system
Depending on the functioning of the parties identified a number of species.
- multiparty system without the party, which dominates.In this type of no party has an absolute majority.During the formation of the government, several parties are united in alliances and coalitions.
- multiparty system with dominating party.Accordingly, one party (or possible union) is a leader in the political arena.
- The bloc party system.This resembles bipartizm due to the fact that games are combined into blocks, which compete with each other.
typology of party systems
In the course of historical development in one country formed a single party, in another - two, in the third - three and more.Depending on the class composition of the population, historical traditions, conditions, political culture, national composition of the developed one or another party system.This is due to many factors that influence the policy of the state.
forced into a framework of society parties are constantly interacting with each other, not fenced off from each other.They take public decisions have an impact on society.
A number of these parties, the nature of their relations with each other, the interaction with the state or other political institutions and the political system there.
types of party systems are not determined purely arithmetic manner, that is, one party - one party, two-party - two multi-party - a lot.It should be taken into account and a set of specific symptoms.Qualifications political system consists of three basic indicators:
- number of parties;
- presence or absence of the dominant party, the coalition;
- level of competition between the parties.
party political system
each power inherent in a certain mode.The state policy is formed for centuries.The party system - is holistic concept of the relationship between the parties and their blocs and alliances, interact, cooperate or, on the contrary, competition in the exercise of power.
Today, in different countries there are many parties that satisfy the interests of all the cells of society.Because this diversity allows anyone to make their choice at the polling station.
parties and party systems are formed as a result of their interaction and the situation in the political arena.Also important is the type of the parties themselves.Big impact carries current law, the constitution and electoral laws.Each state has a certain party system.It is an integral part of any state.They differ only in the types of these systems and the nature of the parties.
There are several factors that influence the formation of the political system of the state.These include:
- political maturity of society;
- level of political consciousness;
- national structure;
- religious views of society;
- cultural aspect;
- historical traditions;
- staging social and class forces.
modern party system of a State - is the result of centuries of historical formation and development.
Options parties
the political arena, it is impossible to find a middle ground, so the people need several options, among which it will be able to make your choice.In this regard, today there is a huge number of alliances and blocs and alliances.
Depending on the necessary components of social and political life of modern society party perform certain functions.
The first and most basic should include a representative.It represents the interests of certain groups in society.In some countries, the same population targeted several political parties.
The second function is sotsializatorskaya.Its essence is to involve in the number of its members or supporters of a part of the population.The third
researchers attribute communicative function.Its mission is to maintain strong ties with the voters, the public, other political institutions, the ruling organization competitors.The Party organization should be guided by public opinion, so this function is extremely important.
fourth - ideological.This includes the promotion.PR, advertising campaign, the development of a winning political platform.
and fifth function - organizational and political.An important component is the selection of people, extension personnel to the elections, providing them with appropriate terms of activity and subsequent participation in the struggle for power.
situation in Russia
party system of modern Russia started its formation in the late nineteenth century.Since then, the arena, a host of new alliances, but there were those that were established and developed along with the story.
Russian party system is a multiparty.However, researchers theorists are convinced that it is a multi-party system of the amorphous and unstable.On one level, with well-known and quite popular party before the election, new, and then immediately disappear.There are a plurality of blocks whose program do not differ from each other.Because of this, the electorate is scattered, making the wrong choice.
However, the Russian Federation due to the Constitution and current legislation is moving away from this trend.Thus, in the elections to the State Duma in 1995, there were as many as 43 political associations.In 1999 - already 26, and in 2003, and even less - 22 parties.Every year, this number decreases.
party system controlled by the Russian legislation, the basic requirements set out in the Law "On political parties".With this notice improvement in the system.
Under the law, each party must have at least 50 thousand people, it must have regional organizations in at least 50 regions of the Russian Federation, each of which shall consist of 100 members.Increased barrier and enter the State Duma.Previously, parties were required 5% of the votes of the electorate, now - at least 7%.
