aquifer or the horizon - a few layers of rocks with high permeability.Their pores, cracks or other voids are filled with groundwater.
General concepts
several aquifers may form an aquifer system, if they are interconnected hydraulically.Water used for water supply in forestry, irrigation forest nurseries in human activities.When you exit to the surface, they can become a source of waterlogging territory.This may contribute to the formation of lowland and transitional bogs.
Permeability
aquifer is characterized by permeability rocks.Permeability depends upon the size and number of interconnected cracks, pores, and from granule sorted rocks.The depth of the aquifer may be different: from 2-4 meters ("perched") and up to 30-50 m (artesian water).
It is well permeable rocks are:
- gravel;
- pebbles;
- coarse sand;
- intensely fractured and karst rocks.
Water Movement
reasons of movement of water in the pores can be several:
- gravity;
- hydraulic head;
- capillary forces;
- capillary-osmotic forces;
- adsorption force;
- temperature gradient.
Depending on the geological structure of the rock aquifer can be isotropic with respect to seepage, t. E. Water permeability in any direction is the same.Species may be anisotropic in which case they are characterized by a uniform change in permeability in all directions.
depth of the aquifers in the Moscow region
throughout the Moscow region the depth of groundwater is not the same, so for the convenience of its divisions on the hydrological areas.There are several water-bearing areas:
- Southern region. water level may be in the range of 10-70 m. The depth of the wells in this area varies from 40 m to 120 m.
- Southwest District .Horizon profusion of water is no different.The average depth of the wells is 50 m.
- Central District. It is the largest of the area.He, in turn, is divided into Large and Small.The average thickness of the horizon is 30 m. The waters here carbonate, carbonate-sulfate.
- eastern region. depth of the aquifer in the area is 20-50 meters.Water generally heavily mineralized water therefore unsuitable.
- Klin-Dmitrov district. It consists of two top-carbonate horizon: Gzhel and Kasimov.
- Volga region. The average depth of the aquifer is 25 meters.
This is a general description of the area.In a detailed study of the aquifer, considering the composition of water layer, its capacity, the specific flow rate, density of the deposit, and so on. D.
worth noting that the hydrogeology of the Moscow Region allocates one aquifer system, which is divided into several horizons of Paleozoic coal deposits:
- Podolsko myachkovskogo middle layer of carbon;
- Serpukhov aquifer and Oka Lower Carboniferous formations;
- Kashira Middle Carboniferous aquifer;
- Kasimov layer Upper Carboniferous;
- Gzhel aquifer of the Upper Carboniferous.
Some aquifers have a small water saturation and high salinity, so they are not suitable for human economic activity.
aquifer formations Oka and Serpukhov Lower Carboniferous has a maximum capacity relative to other aquifers - 60-70 meters.
Moscow-Podolsk aquifer can reach a maximum depth of 45 meters, its average power is equal to 25 meters.
How to determine the depth of the aquifer
sandy aquifer - the name of the conditional, t. To. This horizon may consist of gravel, sand and gravel mixture.Various capacities have sandy aquifers, their depth and different.
If we consider the hydrogeology of the Moscow region and adjacent areas, it is safe to say that you can find the underground water at a depth of 3-5 meters, depending on the height of the studied area.The depth of the aquifer is also dependent on nearby hydrological objects: river, lake, swamp.
The closest to the surface layer is called "perched".Its waters are used in food is not recommended, t. To. The power of this layer is due to rainfall, snowmelt, and so on. D., So here can easily get harmful impurities.However, some of the water, "perched" are used in the economy, and it is also called "technical water".
good filtered water is at a depth of 8-10 meters.At a depth of 30 meters located the so-called "mineral water", which is being built for the extraction of artesian wells.
determine the presence and depth of the upper aquifer is relatively easy.There are many popular ways: by means of a rod or a metal frame, using a clay pot, by observing the plants growing on the site.
