eighteenth century in the history of the world is called the time of the Enlightenment.It was during this period of great changes have taken place in the spiritual and cultural, social and economic life of Europe.All of them, one way or another were closely associated with the approval of reviving the capitalist system.The new historical epoch fundamentally changed not only the character, but also all of the content of human life.
Significant changes have taken place in relations between people.Change social institutions.Were revised relationship between man and nature, as well as its role within the historical processes.Thriving life has given a powerful impetus to science, it has become one of the most important components of the cultural sphere.This measure received the status of the formation of public importance, and cultural identity.
the greatest thinkers of the 18th century
The ethics of the Enlightenment a special place is given to Immanuel Kant.Transactions of this major thinker of the 18th century to the present day have a huge impact on philosophy.The spiritual situation that was developing in the society of that time was characterized by attempts to create a special for.It was supposed to be an autonomous philosophy, the basis of which there were only the mind and experience.
These tortures have led to that debate worldviews extremely sharpened.It turns out that if you use a purely logical reasoning, and draw on the experience, the conclusion may be the existence of God and its negation.This approach allows the same success as the proof of a thesis, and completely reject it.
principles Kant
One of the main achievements of the great thinker is that he was able to separate the issues that concerned the theoretical and practical reason.He showed mankind the right path.According to his statements, practical reason, point us to our duty, we do not depend on theoretical reason, and it is much wider.
In the center of Kant's reasoning is ethics.The Thinker pointed out that the social nature of human behavior is regulated not only legal, but also moral norms.At the same time these concepts have differences among themselves.They consist in the character of compulsion.Legal standard is different from the external compulsion of social institutions, of other people, as well as the entire state as a whole.The situation is different in morality.There is only the inner compulsion.It is through awareness of their duty of every man.
According to the principles of Kant, the right public.The moral here is the inner sphere of free and independent choice of the individual.
introduction of new concepts
most famous work of Immanuel Kant - "Critique of Practical Reason."This book is devoted to the problems caused by the normative regulation of social behavior.In his work for the first time we introduced new terms that thinker called "imperatives".This concept involves the special rules that contain objective enforcement actions of some kind.
Kant classified all imperatives.This was the result of separation from their hypothetical and categorical units.Thinker gave the basic concepts of these categories.
hypothetical imperatives
These Kant took those requirements are met as a prerequisite for achieving the goals.For example, a hypothetical imperative for the person who engaged in trade and wishes to have repeat customers, is honesty.Implementation of this requirement, no doubt, will attract buyers.The condition of honesty for a trader is a hypothetical imperative.It will allow to get the planned revenue.In this case, the hypothetical imperatives - this is not an end in itself.It's just a tool that allows you to trade successfully.
hypothetical imperatives, in turn, divided into skills and rules of prudence.The former include the requirements prescribed to master specific skills that are required in the trading activity.But the imperative of prudence - this condition is honesty.This is dictated not by moral reasons.Its source lies in the pragmatic considerations.
All the things that a person performs under the influence of hypothetical imperatives Kant does not refer to a moral and a legal.They are quite acceptable and approved by society.However, they do not contradict the objectives and interests of civilized relations.
categorical imperative
concept of these requirements is fundamentally different from hypothetical.The categorical imperative - is to fulfill a certain kind of environment.They mean by a requirement that the person belongs to all people just disinterested.At the same time in their relationship, he should not see a means to achieve goals, and self-worth, which is absolute and independent.According to Kant, any one of us deserves it, because man is the image and likeness of God.In other words, each of us is on the ground the highest value.
Unfortunately, categorical imperatives - an ability that nature has not been able to fully endow man.That is why, in order not to become a slave of his egotism, each of us must be constantly aware of their moral duty and conduct willful self-constraint.Kant proved that this man has all the necessary qualities.Any one of us not only can, but must act in accordance with the terms of the categorical imperative.At the same time, according to the philosopher, every one of us does not seek happiness, and to fulfill its moral duty.Gradually moving on this difficult path, one gets to the very highest rung of spirituality.The award, which is waiting for him - self-esteem.
environmental imperatives
Community development is directly linked to natural conditions.Quieter evolutionary period in human evolution was observed in those periods when the environment can be subordinate to their interests.But people did not think about the consequences of their activities, that there is a feedback that can make permanent adjustments in their lives.
happened in the history of mankind and crises, when fully exhausted the possibilities that were acquired in the quieter periods of development.At the same time the continued existence of civilization became possible only with the dramatic changes in the ecological niche, as well as a new organization of society.These periods were characterized by great migration of peoples, a radical change in the structure of civilization, etc.
environmental dangers faced by humanity, is very serious.Solving this problem poses to society is quite difficult task.To continue the history of mankind must necessarily coordinate all activities with the needs of nature.The development of society should go in the same chain with the development of the Earth's biosphere.This requirement - an ecological imperative.Violation of the terms and conditions threatens catastrophic consequences.
moral imperative
everyone's life takes place in the framework put forward by the constrained society demands.If this ever happens approval of new moral principles.For example, some are allowed to do in the past are unacceptable in today's world.Such restrictions and have a moral imperative.
where requirements are less strict than environmental.Moral imperatives - these are the conditions on which to a great extent will depend on the future of humanity.We all need to realize and understand and internalize these requirements.Anyone not only belongs to a specific country or nation.He is a member of the community of the entire planet.For the normal development of civilization, people have different attitude towards nature.They must leave a dangerous illusion of supremacy over it.The entire human society should be subject to the laws of nature and its morality.
