We are faced with a variety of texts every day, some "call" us to buy something (advertising logungi), others tell a compelling story (fiction), the third we use to convey information to our interlocutor (conversation).
we see, hear or pronounce certain combinations of letters, and sometimes do not even think what style they presented to what genres of text we use.We do this intuitively - succinctly talk with business partners, allow ourselves to slang in a friendly conversation, waiting for a beautiful description of the literature and a clear presentation of information from scientific.
But sometimes the choice of style may be erroneous, ie,not correspond to the speech situation.How can this be avoided?It turns out that there is a science - the style, which studies the style, type, genre and text helps to understand their classification.
Let's try to understand the expressive possibilities of the text, to study the classification of styles and genres and to determine in what situations should use them.
Spoken style
This style is most suitable for communication in daily life and has the character of a live communication between people of different social ranks and levels of education.It can be expressed as a means of dialogue and personal correspondence (e-mail, chat, mail correspondence).
styles and genres of text that are available for communication in daily life, have no strict boundaries, tolerant of mistakes made by the introduction of foreign language, slang words, acronyms and even profanity.In addition, in a conversational style using the free word order.
Sample dialogue:
A: Well, druzhban, ready to set off?
B: Yes, I have the roof goes from this ...
cramming for this style is characterized by emotional coloring, which is achieved through exaggeration, pet handling, indignation or delight.
Sample dialogue:
A: Hurrah!
B: What happened to my daughter?
A: Mom, I took the lead role in a school production.
B: Well, what did you have me umnichka!
In addition, in a conversational style, there are various interjections, filled with pauses in the dialogue, and the word-parasites, from time to time in repetitive speech.
Sample dialogue:
A: In short, I came to it ... We agreed.In short, you understand !?
B: Well ..?
A: And it, in short, was not at home.
All offers in a conversational style are simple and clear.They do not articulate difficult comparisons and figures of speech.
Sample dialogue:
- Coffee will be?
- Come on!
- With sugar?
- No.
Scientific style
This style is used for the presentation of clear scientific evidence and is enlightening character.
In contrast to the colloquial, scientific style kept with the emotional point of view, has a clear sequence of presentation.He does not tolerate mistakes and colloquial expressions.
Every fact has a scientific presentation by a foundation of arguments proving its relevance.
Scientific style has a clear narrative structure:
- the introduction of which represents a particular theory;
- the bulk of which are the arguments and counter-arguments;
- Finally, summarizing all the facts.
This style is presented in the form of well-meaningful monologue and dialogue take the form of discussions.Handling all the participants in the discussion are presented to each other in a respectful manner.
Sample dialogue:
A: This theorem does not require proof.
B: I'm sorry, Dr. Fedorov, forced to disagree with you.
for scientific style characterized by the use of special terminology and words are not used in everyday speech.In addition, as submitted by the frequently used words to emphasize the logical sequence of judgments: thus, for example, by the way, etc.
Example:
Deviant behavior of some individuals, often associated with incorrect chaining priorities.
this style match genres text as reports, essays, articles, handbooks.
official style
This style of business negotiations.A method of presenting information in this style of regulated and standardized, as evidenced by the existence of special forms and stamps.He has the precision, conciseness, neutrality narrative.
recognize this style can be, and the presence of special words: because, on the basis of, order, agree to the plaintiff, the employer, the person in charge, to take action, etc.
Example:
In connection with the systematic violation of discipline command to remove a citizen Ivanova AE from official duties to further their reasons.
dialogue between the parties to the official business talks conducted in a respectful manner, regardless of the qualifications and the niche occupied in the business hierarchy.
Sample dialogue:
And Marina Petrovna, please, bring us coffee.
B: Just a minute, Sergey Viktorovich.
official business text styles and genres include contracts, business proposals, regulations, laws, applications, regulations, business correspondence, and of course, the business dialogue.
journalistic style
functionality of this style is to deliver information to the masses, light resonant events, exposure, call to action.
This style is used mostly by the media and is the most controversial.It can present as clarity, consistency and neutrality, and emotion, express their views.Simple sentences can alternate with elaborate.Nonfiction narrative is full of metaphors, epithets, comparisons, they can often find borrowed words, built in an unusual chain.It is also appropriate irony and sarcasm.
Any rules on the construction of the structure of presentation of information can be violated for one main goal - to attract readers or listeners.
Example:
What pushes young people to such contradictory feats?Bad Education?Negative peer pressure?Ecology?I think the problem is brain drain.
journalistic texts include newspaper articles, magazines, propaganda program, political speeches and debates.
art style
Everyone has a favorite book.It is characteristic of the characters and the description of the world around, detailed scenes, a comparison of the situations, the description of the behavior, thoughts and voice dialogue.
This is the literary text.
Example:
He was so excited that I could not speak.She, too, was silent.
literature has no clear boundaries and borrows characteristics from other styles.In the dialogue the character can be used conversational style, and some of the monologues are described in scientific style.But such emotional-expressive techniques, as an epithet, allegory and metaphor - it is a purely literary text.
Example:
leaves sparkled bargovo amber colors in the rays of the passing of the sunset.
proposals in this style filled with synonyms and antonyms.The popular reception of fiction is one at the supply of simple and complex sentences.
Example:
few miles I ran down the main street, then turned into a park and looked around frantically.Empty.
Typology of literary genres in the form
text genre classification is made in three areas: form, content and age.
under the form of literary works meant the union of identical formal properties.
are the following genres of text on the form:
1. The play - a literary creation, designed for stage performances in the theater.
2. Story - prose narrative about one or more characters enclosed within fifty pages.
3. The novel - a work of epic scale, telling about changing outlook of the hero, overcoming the crisis period and spiritual revival.There must be present one or more of the protagonists (the protagonist, striving for a particular purpose) and antagonist (character, hinder the achievement of the main goal of the protagonist).The amount of work can vary from 200 pages to several volumes.
4. Tale - a cross between a story and the novel.It is based on the narrative of the events and incidents in the life of the protagonist.
5. Essay - a work of art that does not contain the conflict.
There are other types of text genres in this category (epic story, an ode), but at this stage of the development of literature, they are not as popular as the above types.
Feature genres content
Genres text in Russian language can be classified and content:
1. Comedy - a product with a strong humorous or satirical overtones.
Examples: "Woe from Wit," "The Taming of the Shrew," "The Government Inspector", "An Ideal Husband".
2. tragedy - a plot of this type of product is built on the sequence of events that will inevitably lead to a tragic end.
Examples: "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet", "moo-moo."
3. Drama - the basis of the works of this type is the problem of man's interaction with society, with the world and with itself.
Examples: "The Green Mile," "Borrowed Life," "Wuthering Heights."
Genres text in Russian: the old classification
In this category are the following types of texts:
1. Epic - works stretched in time, rich variety of main and auxiliary characters, events and experiences.The story is told primarily from the presence of an impartial observer, and is presented in the form of memories of the occurred event.
2. Lyrics - literary text, full of sensual feelings and thoughts of the author's own.
3. lyric-epic - the combined type, absorbed the characteristics and epic and lyrical styles.
4. The drama is based on the relationship between the characters themselves.It is expressed mainly in the form of a dialogue with the explanatory notes of the author.
How to define the genre of the text: a few tips
order to classify a particular product, it is necessary not only to expand it on the shelves, count the number of pages and assess the emotional, but also to understand the authors, to understand the behavior of the characters, drawn from written morality.
What feelings you have experienced by reading literary creation?You could not help but laugh?Most of all, read the product was of a comedy character.You can not hold back the tears because of the sudden death of beloved hero?Have you read the tragedy.Relations between the characters still keep you on your toes?Now you know the genre - drama.
scale How your work?Perhaps it is a few pages of text, a story about some event in the life of the character.This is the story.Or is it the creation of a multi-volume with a lot of characters and intricate plot.In this case we are talking about the novel.
as outlined text: dry and impartially, or, on the contrary, clearly and emotionally?In the first case, the product can be described as epic, in the second - as the lyrics.
classify texts of different genres is not so difficult enough to understand their meaning.
