What is the formula for vodka?What is it really?Let's first examine the aqua regia.This fluid is a compound saturated nitric and hydrochloric acids.Nitric HNO3 and HCl salt taken under 1: 3 by volume.Here mass analogy in terms of pure substances is 1: 2.
history
first aqua regia described Pseudo-Geber.He was an unknown alchemist.His treatises to spread in Europe in the fourteenth century.Long before the discovery of hydrochloric acid in the Latin writings described chemical formula of aqua regia.This liquid was obtained by sublimation of the dry mixture of alum, nitrate, copper sulphate and ammonia in a glass vessel smeared.Capacity was supplied with a glass lid or cap.
Albert the Great in his writings called aqua regia aqua secunda.This name means "secondary vodka".Aqua prima translated as "primary vodka" that means nitric acid.In other alchemists formula of vodka called aqua regia.
Bonaventure in 1270 made public its own method of obtaining the miracle liquid: it dilutes the ammonia in the "strong vodka" (aqua fortis, nitric acid).Bonaventure was able to establish that the nitric acid can dissolve silver, disconnect it from the gold.He determined that "aqua regia" able to dissolve the "king of metals" - gold.But to some it was believed that the agent can not be subjected to changes.
Thus, there was the name of aqua regia.Aqua regia, came to mean alchemical symbol made up of water and mark the letter "R".
Aqua regia and Alchemy In alchemy
Andreas Libau for the 1597 first described the manufacture of aqua regia by mixing saturated hydrochloric and nitric acids.Alkahest is a universal solvent.Its preparation was seen as a clue to one of the most important tasks of alchemy.
aqua regia in the practice of alchemy used often enough.This has led to a significant increase in knowledge about chemical reactions and substances.In addition, these experiences contributed to the establishment of technical chemistry and assay.
In the works of Lavoisier formula vodka "royal" called nitromurievoy acid.Scientists thought that stands out in a gaseous state is an oxide of the element chlorine Muria dephlogisticated or hydrochloric acid.
In Russia, she had many names.In the works of MVUniversity of 1742 it has the name of "Royal Vodka."M. Parpua in 1796 called it "aqua regia".VVPetrov in 1801 gave her the name of nitrate, hydrochloric acid, and GIHess in 1831 called it azotnovodohlornoy acid.Common and other names of this liquid.
In Russian, the word "vodka" appeared in the fourteenth century.It is a diminutive of the word "water" and took this value until the mid-nineteenth century.Then word got to "drink", at first it was dialect.It was only in the early twentieth century vodka became mean spirits.
Properties
Aqua regia has a yellow-orange color with a strong odor of nitrogen dioxide and chlorine.Freshly prepared colorless liquid, but quickly becomes orange.
What is preparing aqua regia?Formula it quite interesting.The interaction occurs HNO3 and HCI complex mixture of products with a high activity, among which are associates and free radicals.This fluid is one of the most powerful oxidizers.The mixture is prepared directly prior to use, as when storing it breaks and loses oxidative qualities:
3HCl + HNO3 = 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O
NOCl = NO + Cl
2NO + O2 = 2No2
The efficiency of aqua regia as the oxidant is more concerned with decreasing the possibility of oxidation of metals.This is due to the formation of chloride complex compounds.Complexation in a strongly oxidizing environment enables liquefaction of such metals with low activity such as platinum, gold and palladium, at room temperature.
Application
This liquid is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories.She cleaned glassware from traces of organic matter.Aqua regia is used in the assay highborn metals and their alloys, when refining of platinum and gold in the preparation of metal chlorides and so forth.
Vodka Vodka called colorless liquor.This water-alcohol liquid with no apparent odor and taste.Fortress of vodka can be completely different: according to Russian standards - 40-45% and 50-56% by volume, according to Statute of EU - not less than 37.5%.
classic formula of vodka is quite interesting - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%.The production process consists of the liquid preparation of the revised water and mixing rectified ethyl alcohol extracted from food raw material, with reduced water.Water-alcohol mixture of modified starch is processed or activated carbon.Then it is filtered, making the ingredients, mix by repeated filtration and bottled in consumer packaging.Decorate the finished product, respectively.
No less interesting is the chemical formula of vodka strength of 40.0 - 45.0% with a special aroma and taste.This fluid is called special.Its manufacture by introducing various ingredients, flavoring and aromatic additives.
When excessive and regular use of vodka is alcohol dependency and addiction.
Mendeleev
in Russia's "bitter" There are many legends.One of the myths points to a connection with the activities of the appearance of vodka DIMendeleev.He served as the basis of his doctoral thesis, which was called "The combination of alcohol and water."
Oh, this formula of vodka Mendeleev!What is it really?The myth tells of the following:
- Catching thesis, the scientist found the unusual properties of the water-alcohol liquid.The mixture has a concentration of 43% ethanol by volume and strangely affected the living organism.
- With such concentration hydroalcoholic liquid can be obtained only by mixing parts by weight of alcohol and water.
- Based on these facts, Mendeleev was able to develop a formulation called "Moscow special."This exclusive in 1894, was patented by the Russian government as a national Russian vodka.
course, DIMendeleev never took part in the creation or modernization of vodka.Only a few of its work were subsequently used for the manufacture of this liquid.
