inhabitants of the Crimean Peninsula in March 2014 almost unanimously voted in a referendum for the return of the Crimea to Russia.Lightning decisions taken by the President of the State Duma of Russia and prompted many analysts to believe that the project is preparing a special operation for a long time, and the actors knew their parts perfectly.Whatever it was, but the Crimea as part of Russia, and now all in anticipation of the consequences of this unprecedented event.
International law and the will of the people of Crimea
in modern international law fixed two conflicting concepts: the integrity of the state and the right of nations to self-determination.For "monogosudarstv" (ie, those whose territory is inhabited by only one nation) is simple and straightforward.But when it comes to multinational states, the laws contradict one another.And in such a situation, as we know, everyone is free to interpret the old in its own way.Therefore, when the Crimea became part of Russia, the world community outraged and conspiracy to annex territories.
Political scientists argue that "the history of the Crimean" differs little from the events in Kosovo in 2008.Military units of NATO entered Kosovo in order to prevent the Serbs prevent the referendum.Any sanctions imposed by the UN on the introduction of troops was not.Some also entered Russia, when the parliament of the Crimea has sent a request to the State Duma.With the only difference being that it was not necessary to enter anything: a contingent of Russian troops was kept in the Crimea for more than one decade.
Crimeans - the nation or the "call of the heart»
However, to talk about the self-determination of nations is impossible: there is in the nature of "the Crimean nation."According to census data, in the Crimea is home to about 60% Russian, 25% of Ukrainians and 10% of the Tatars.In fact, as in all of Ukraine is impossible to say, that of a territory populated by ethnic Ukrainians and ethnic Russian.Not only that, the people themselves are very similar, so still and for centuries all mixed and native.
probably correct to say that krymchanin - it is not a Russian, Ukrainian or Tatar, and the man brought up in exciting, but challenging conditions.The nature and climate of the peninsula inspire humanity and peace, but at the same time, the sea is quite severe and complicated geographical location temper the will and courage, determination and pride.
adoption of Crimea to Russia contradictory and controversial also because, according to international practice, the allocation of part of the state as an independent economic entity is possible.But the entry of the other country - not.So in due time we arrived Abkhazia and Ossetia, Transnistria and the same Kosovo.Crimeans also spoke clearly to join the Russian Federation.
history
Crimea peninsula became Russian territory in the XVIII century, when the state to defend its interests in the Black Sea, and in a series of wars finally secure their rights in the region.
By decree of Empress Catherine II of Crimea as part of Russia has been equal to the other "stakeholders": the Tatars granted the same rights as other people (freedom of religion, language, culture, etc.).In addition, it does not change the state structure.But after the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War, which went down in history as the first defense, the inhabitants and defenders of the city was formed Russian patriotism.
However, the presence of the Black Sea Fleet is very hurt European states, who defended their rights in the Balkans and Asia.The Crimean War of 1853-56.Russia was defeated and for the next 20 years were forced to leave the peninsula, abolishing the Black Sea Fleet.But even so, the newly formed city of Crimea with Russia remained.Sevastopol and other settlements in the territory were considered Russian Crimean khan.
Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Peninsula in the Soviet Union acquired a new status: Autonomous Republic of Crimea.Russian imperialist state of transformed into a federation, in which the representatives of each nation would try to call itself a republic.But not all areas received such status.Most of the small nations and nationalities in the end turned out to be a part of the RSFSR.
Crimea as part of Russia, first called Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic.The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR appeared in February 1921.By then formed and the other Soviet republics, are not part of Russia.
Of course, after the revolution, the population has experienced more than one shock: lack of fresh water, crop failure 1920, accompanied by the surplus (in the modern history better known as the Holodomor), the rejection of the Crimean Tatars Bolshevik ideas, etc.
During World War II, the population had to endure the occupation of the Crimea.A second defense of Sevastopol was still bitter first, but to defend the peninsula once again failed.
deportation of Tatars from Crimea
Over the years 1942-1944 the Crimea was occupied by the Nazis, who, using the developed technique, creating support punitive detachments from the local population, mainly Tatars.Using anti-Soviet propaganda, the Nazis campaigned "unhappy and Dissent" to join the ranks of self-defense and combat the guerrilla movement.
These self-defense units "helped" the decision on deportation of an entire people from the territory of the Crimean peninsula.Russia is big, and the Soviet government decided to resettle the Tartars into the country.Modern history calls it "punishment for treason," but there is a version according to which the Germans during the retreat in the occupied territories left an entire network of agents.To disrupt the plans of the Nazis, and make decisions on the deportation of Tatars from the Crimea, Finns, Poles and Germans from the border areas, etc.
postwar fate Crimean
map of Crimea with Russia changed after the Second World War: the autonomy ceased to exist (there area), most of the settlements were renamed, and the population was supplemented by Ukrainians and Russian among the inhabitants of the destroyed and burned villages.According to statistics, by 1946, the ninth year in the Crimea, there were about 600 thousand people.Before the war, this figure is closer to 1.1 million.Speaking about the ethnic composition of the population is not necessary.If before the war, Ukrainians and Russian accounted for nearly 70% of the inhabitants of the peninsula, in the postwar period, the figure closer to 90%.
Republic of Crimea with Russia lasted until 1954, the year.It was then to mark the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine and Russia autonomy was given to the administrative subordination of the Ukrainian SSR.Who is to say that Khrushchev gave the Crimea.
Sevastopol - the naval base
As of Sevastopol, then in 1948 he received the status of a closed military city of republican subordination.And until 1961, and remained so.However, by changing military doctrine did not consider the strategic importance of the Black Sea Fleet.City opened, and the status of a military base with his shot.Even after the adoption of the amended Constitution of the USSR in 1978 returned to Sevastopol "special situation": its republican subordination written a separate article.
But the main thing is not it.Most importantly, the people who educated and imbued with the spirit of Russian patriotism.After all, this city experienced ups and downs of the Black Sea Fleet, was a stronghold of Russian sailors and never changed its "nationality" with the change of power in the peninsula of Crimea.As a part of Russia 2014. Sevastopol again set aside a special place: the city of federal significance, the subject of the Russian Federation.
Digging in the documents and study them carefully, some historians and political scientists have come to the conclusion that formal Sevastopol and out of the jurisdiction of Russia.The fact that at the time of the "transfer" of the Crimea the Ukrainian city administration has not submitted the Crimean Autonomous Republic, and the Russian Federation (by virtue of the special status of military base).
collapse of the Soviet Union and the return of the Crimean autonomy
In the early 90s, when at a meeting in Belarus, it was decided to collapse of the USSR, the question of the territorial jurisdiction of the peninsula was raised repeatedly.The biggest achievement is to hold a referendum in the Crimea in 1990, the results of which has been restored autonomy.Two years later, the local Supreme Council adopted its constitution and renamed the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the Republic of Crimea.However, the Ukrainian Supreme Council of the name was not approved.
Russian Parliament has repeatedly raised the question of the legality of the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine and the need to bring it back into Russia.However, in 1990, agreements were signed on the absence of territorial claims between the CIS countries.
Ukrainian political crisis in 2014
Begun in 2013, the popular uprisings in the Ukraine were caused by the suspension of the administration of President Yanukovych's European integration of the country.The peaceful mass protests of the population escalated into active aggression against the existing political regime.
All subsequent events unfolded literally lightning speed: after the removal of President Yanukovych's Supreme Council of the Crimean Autonomous Republic does not recognize the change of power in Kiev, pro-Russian forces Crimea intensified and supported by Russia were able to hold a referendum on the return of the peninsula of the Russian Federation.
referendum
Simply put, only the wording of the question, shall be submitted to public discussion, was: "Do you see Crimea as part of Russia?"
hasty decisions and repeatedly postponed the date refenduma were called active actions of the new Kiev government.Originally scheduled for early May, the referendum "On his return to Russia" was held March 16.According to the results of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted a resolution on the independence of the sovereign state - the Republic of Crimea.
accession process Peninsula
declared its independence, the government of Crimea appealed to the Russian Federation with a proposal that the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol on the rights of subjects of the federation.Moscow's decision not long in coming.Especially since the proclamation of the sovereignty of simplifying the legal framework of accession to the territories of the Russian Federation.The fact that, according to Russian law, the government can consider the proposal for accession to the Russian Federation only by an independent administrative unit.
To say that the President of Russia and the State Duma and the Federation Council of Russia "without hesitation" accepted the offer of the Crimea, is not necessary.Within a few days all the formalities were settled, and the Russian Federation joined by two entities: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.
Of course, the integration process is long and complicated, especially in the case of "inconvenient" geographical location.But the mood and desire of the population of Crimea smooth all the inconveniences and troubles arise.
