left the caves of the Stone Age, human society has passed a great way of mental and spiritual development.It allowed people to sit down at the computer screen and communicate with one another at any distance, to penetrate the secrets of nature and to send spacecraft to other planets.This was made possible thanks to science, which is created and developed by many generations.
historical development
Science in Russia before Peter the Great significantly lagged behind the European.This is due to the social and cultural characteristics of the state and the minor influence of Byzantium.
first mathematical work in ancient Russia was created in 1136 monk Chirico.Later there were translations of books on logic and arithmetic cosmography.
science as a social institution arose in our country under Peter I. It was during his reign in America and went to Siberia first expedition Vasily Tatishchev and Vitus Bering.
1724 marked the opening of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.Work in this establishment have invited many well-known European scientists.Invaluable for the development of Russian science were the works and activities of academician Mikhail Lomonosov.
1755 is considered the founding date of the Moscow University.The history of science Russia then got a new stage of its development.Later universities were founded in Dorpat (1802), in Vilna (1803), in Kharkov and Kazan (1804), St. Petersburg (1819).Already in the late 19th century.their composition enriched Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa and Tomsk institutions of this kind.
scientific elite in Russia were:
- Mathematics (NI Lobachevsky, Ostrogradskii et al.);
- Physics (Popov, AG Stoletov);
- chemical (Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, NN Zinin, etc.);
- doctors (SP Botkin, NI Pirogov)
- historians (NM Karamzin, Kliuchevsky).
beginning of the twentieth century
This period was characterized by the transformation of the agrarian Russia into a powerful industrial state.Those reforms, which conducted the government to attract capital.In Russia, we began to vigorously develop various industries, as well as the railway industry.
Since the end of the nineteenth century began to rise culture, architecture, literature, etc.Science in the early 20th century also reached a considerable prosperity.During this period, there was a real revolution of natural science, which had great importance in the development of society.Major scientific discoveries of the 20th century, made in this period, have led to the revision of the existing ideas about the human world.
Creation of scientific and technical societies
scientific discoveries of the 20th century in pre-revolutionary Russia was made through the work of various circles.The latter is a small community, which included not only practitioners, researchers, and enthusiastic amateurs.There are circles through contributions of its members and private donations.Some societies government provided large subsidies.
addition to medical and agricultural, metallurgical and botanical, geographical, physical and chemical existed secret scientific circles.An example of this can serve as the Society of Astronautics.Its members were the future the great scientists of the 20th century - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev et al.
All these clubs were centers of research and promote scientific knowledge among the population.However, the main contribution to the formation of the country still belonged to the face and universities, and out of which the company listed above.
of medicine, genetics and biology
What are the achievements of Russian science in the beginning of the 20th century in this area?These include the classic work of Academician Pavlov.Russian scientists have studied the physiology of the digestive organs and the cardiovascular system.For his work in 1904, Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize.The same award in 1908, was awarded the II Mechnikov.She was a scientist for his work on infectious diseases and immunology.Mechnikov also studied the effect of higher nervous activity in the course of physiological processes.Based on the knowledge of scientists has launched the theory of conditioned reflexes.
Discoveries of the 20th century in the field of biology became a powerful impetus to the development of medicine.Beginning century was marked by the development of vaccines against rabies, chicken cholera and anthrax.All this was the result of research bacteriologist Louis Pasteur Institute in Paris.Based on the works of the scientists of many countries, including Russia, led the development of measures aimed at prevention and the prevention of various epidemics.
great contribution to the development of genetics has brought scientist IVMichurin.This founder of the science of breeding fruit plants worked in the Tambov province, in his hometown of Kozlov.The aim of the scientist was to enrich gardens Russia new cultures.Despite the obstacles facing it, the scientist carried out his task.
He developed a practical methodology and theoretical conclusions made production of various hybrids have unusual and useful properties for humans.
Improving military equipment
development of this area has contributed to the aggressiveness of leading countries, and the increasing technical capabilities.Already in the years 1911-1915 Russian engineers AAPorokhovshchikov, VLMendeleev and AAVasiliev created a first draft of the armored vehicle, which was later named the tank.
inventions and discoveries of the 20th century and belong to the field of aviation.So, the first military aircraft took part in the maneuvers, conducted in 1911, Warsaw, St. Petersburg and Kiev district.In combat, this technique was used during the Balkan wars of 1912-1913.In 1914 Russian troops on arms was adopted by the first bomber, which was named "Ilya Muromets".
keep up with the aircraft and Navy.It belonged to the primacy of armored steam ships.One of the first among them was the "Peter the Great".
invention machine
Science and Technology of the 20th century in Russia is often set the task of strengthening the military potential of the country.In this field we have achieved significant successes.So, in 1916, weapons designer Fedorov was invented the world's first machine.For this had to be shortened rifle sample 1913 and provide her box magazine, as well as a handle for easy shooting.The result was a fire tool that today is the basis of infantry weapons of any army in the world.
development of chemistry and physics
Many scientific discoveries of the 20th century in this area were made in Western Europe.Thanks to them, the humanity with steam engines was the switch to internal combustion engines.However, new methods of production of the main raw material for such mechanisms (of oil) have been proposed namely Russian scientists.
appearance of heavy-duty engines prompted the researchers to the idea of the creation of aircraft.The first attempts at a breakthrough in the field of aeronautics were made in the 19th century.It was then seen the light airships and balloons.
What are the achievements of Russian science in the beginning of the 20th century in this area?In our country, it was created two and four-engine aircraft, struck his contemporaries impressive size.Above them the creation engineers worked such as I. Sikorsky and W. Lutsk.
Discoveries of the 20th century in the field of aviation do not end there.An outstanding Russian scientist Boris Yuryev in 1911 invented the basic unit used in the assembly of modern helicopters.This device allowed the technique to create a high performance stability.These helicopters can be safely operated by ordinary pilots.The development of science in the 20th century in the field of helicopter was laid exactly Yuriev.
In the same period originated the origins of modern astronautics.Key discoveries of the 20th century in this area have been made teacher Kaluga gymnasium nugget KETsiolkovsky.In 1903 he published brilliant works, which substantiates the possibility of space flight.
What are the achievements of Russian science in the beginning of the 20th century in the field of physics?The discovery of general laws inherent in the processes of wave (electromagnetic, sound, etc.).They were established eminent physicist PN Lebedev.
the greatest discoveries in the science of the 20th century were made by VI Vernadsky.This scientist became known worldwide after the publication of his encyclopedic works, which were the basis for the development of the latest trends in radiology, geochemistry and biochemistry.The work of Vernadsky on the noosphere and the biosphere are the origins of modern ecology.
invention knapsack parachute
In 1910, GE Kotelnikov visited the All-Russia festival dedicated to aeronautics.It became one of the witnesses of the tragic death of the pilot L. Matsievich.Kotel'nikov was not a designer, and actor.However, the death of the pilot so shocked him that a year later he invented the parachute RK-1, is fundamentally different from previous designs.
Dome as a means of salvation and previously used balloonists.However, the RC-1 was more compact.In addition, the parachute has become a device to provide emergency response Permanently hand.Slings and dome RC-1 were placed first in a wooden pack, which later was replaced by aluminum.At the bottom of the box spring arranged Kotelnikov.At the right moment the skydiver pulling the ring.At this point the spring opens the lid and threw out the dome.Currently this invention are all world parachutists.
TV appearance of Russian science in the 20th century has presented the world the invention, which is the opening period.In 1907, Professor Institute of Technology, located in St. Petersburg, BL Rosing had filed a patent application for "a way electrical transmission of different images and their reception by a cathode ray tube."
the autumn of 1910 the scientist made a public report at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, which described the issues standing in the way of television.Rosing assured that the use of such devices should be used electron beam.The most amazing thing is that this conclusion was reached in the period when the electronics as an industry was still in its infancy.For he created a television system Rosing received the first Russian patent, and after - the German, English and American.
Discoveries in geography
What are the achievements of Russian science in the beginning of the 20th century in the study of world order?During this period, he traveled to the countries of Oceania and the north of Africa, East and Central Asia.Each of them was marked by global discoveries.It is said that the science of geography in the early 20th century, it was based on the achievements obtained by Russian investigators.
Becoming Soviet
Science in Russia during the Soviet era gave the world many great discoveries and achievements in various spheres of human activity.Even a cursory listing of points to the breakthrough that has been made by scientists.
achievements of Soviet science have played a huge role in the development of the national economy.At the same time on their basis are created for the latest industry of the time, as the tractor and aviation, automotive and metals.The results of the research have allowed to develop the production of synthetic rubber, motor fuel, etc.
Achievements obtained biologists, can meet the challenges of food and light industry, and agriculture.In addition, numerous studies have led to the advancement of health and medical sector.
The Soviet Union deployed ambitious research programs.Opens up new research institutes.So, in 1934, Vavilov founded Physics Institute of the Academy of Sciences, in the same period was launched Institute of Organic Chemistry.1937 - the year of foundation of the Institute of Geophysics.His work was continued by physiologist Pavlov and breeder Michurin.As a result of research conducted by scientists have made numerous discoveries in various disciplines.However, in the years of repression, intellectual potential of state was dealt a heavy blow.
postwar period
revival of Soviet science was in 1950, research in these years led the Academy.Academy of Sciences have been restored and all the republics of the country.This made it possible to take patents and control over the spending of allocated state funds for this sector.
Already in the mid-fifties, a growing interest in space exploration.In this area, a growing number of scientists.There are special textbooks in high schools and faculties.All this is done intentionally for the education of young scientists.
1957 brought a real sensation in the world of science.It was the year of the launch of Sputnik.The country only recently injured in a terrible war, not only regained its scientific potential, but also has become a leader in scientific advancement.This event opened a new era of humanity and at the same time was the beginning of the "space race" with the United States, which did not want to lose its global authority.
In 1959, the Soviet satellite hit the moon.This again raised the prestige of Russia in the world community.Already in the early sixties, the Soviet Union became the second after the US superpower in the world.America overtook our country only on economic potential.
April 12, 1961 there was another incredible event, which was previously described in his works fiction.This day in the history of man first flew into space and returned to Earth.
In 80 years in our country started the development and production of modern electronic computers - computers.This technique was compact and do not occupy the entire building and rooms.These were the years when the Soviet Union spent on scientific sphere enormous resources, is a tenth part of the state budget.This could not afford, no country in the world.
Among the vast number of scientific studies conducted in Russia, there are many of those who had and continue to still have a significant impact on scientific and technological progress of the world community.We are talking about many discoveries in the field of chemical, biological, physical and engineering science.These include the discovery of paramagnetic resonance Zavoiskii.The important role played by Russian scientists, and address the issues of nuclear energy.
