post-war political life in the USSR is stable.Anything to the 1991, I was extremely rare.People will soon get used to the emerging state of affairs, its best representatives happily carried portraits of the new leaders in Red Square during the May and November demonstrations, and those that are also good, but worse, at the same time they did the same thing in other cities, district centers and villagesand towns.To overthrow or deceased party and government chiefs (except Lenin) almost instantly forget about them even stopped writing jokes.Prominent theoretical works have not studied in schools, colleges and institutions - were replaced by new general secretaries of the book, about the same content.An exception was Khrushchev - a politician, overthrew the authority of Stalin in order to take his place in the minds and souls.
unique case
He really was an exception to all the leaders of the party, not only before but also after him.Bloodless and quiet resignation of Khrushchev, without costing solemn funeral and revelations took place almost instantly and looked like a well-prepared conspiracy.In a sense, she was so, but by the standards of the Charter Party, all the moral and ethical standards appeared to have been met.It all happened quite democratically, albeit with quite justified admixture centralism.Going to an extraordinary plenum discussed the behavior of comrade denounced some of its shortcomings and agreed on the need for replacement thereof at the helm.As written in the minutes then, "Listen - agreed."Of course, in this case the Soviet reality became unique as she Khrushchev era with all occurred in her miracles and crimes.All previous and subsequent general secretaries solemnly transported to the Kremlin necropolis - a place of their final resting place - on gun carriages, except for Gorbachev, of course.Firstly, because Gorbachev and now alive, and secondly, a post he left not because of the plot, and in connection with the abolition of his office as such.And third, something they Nikita Sergeyevich appeared similar.Another unique case, but this is not about him.
first attempt
Khrushchev's resignation, which occurred in October 1964, occurred in a sense, at the second attempt.Almost seven years before this momentous event for the country, three members of the Presidium of the Central Committee named individual "anti-party group", namely Kaganovich, Molotov and Malenkov, initiated the process of removal from power of the first secretary.If we consider that in fact there were four (to get out of the situation, another conspirator, Shepilova, announced a "who joined"), then all the same happened in accordance with the party charter.I had to use non-standard measures.Members of the Central Committee urgently brought to Moscow for the plenum from across the country by military aircraft, using a high-speed interceptor MiG (military training "Sparky" UTI) and bombers.Invaluable assistance has Defense Minister Georgy Zhukov (without Khrushchev's resignation would take place in 1957)."Stalin's Guard" managed to neutralize: they were driven out of the Presidium of the first, then from the Central Committee, and in 1962 was expelled from the party altogether.We could and shoot as LP Beria, but nothing happened.
Background
Khrushchev's ouster in 1964, was a success not only because of a well-prepared action, but also because it is satisfied with almost all.Claims made at the October plenary session, with all of their party-lobbying bias can not be called unfair.Almost all strategically important areas of politics and economics was felt catastrophic failure.The well-being of the working masses deteriorated, bold experiments in the field of defense led to a half-life of the army and navy, farms languished, becoming "a millionaire on the contrary," the prestige in the international arena fell.The reasons for the resignation of Khrushchev were numerous, and she became inevitable.The people took the change of power with quiet glee abbreviated officers gleefully rubbing their hands, art, laureate received badges in the Stalin era, welcomed the expression of party democracy.Tired sow corn farmers all climatic zones did not expect miracles from the new Secretary General, but vaguely hoped for the best.In general, after the resignation of Khrushchev's popular uprising did not happen.
Achievements Nikita
fairness, we should mention those bright things that managed to make over the years of his rule, dismissed the first secretary.
Firstly, the country has had a series of events that marked a departure from the gloomy authoritarian practices of the Stalinist era.They generally called a return to the Leninist principles of leadership, but in reality consisted in the demolition of almost all of the many monuments (except what was in Gori), permission to print some literature exposing the tyranny and branch line of the Party on the personal qualities of character who died in 1953leader.
Secondly, collective farmers finally issued passports formally rank them classified as full citizens of the USSR.That does not mean freedom to choose their residence, but some loopholes still there.
Third, for a few decades has been a breakthrough in residential construction.Millions of square meters were rented annually, but in spite of such large-scale achievements, apartments still not enough.The city became a "swell" from coming to their former collective farmers (see. Previous item).Housing was cramped and uncomfortable, but the "Khrushchev" seemed then their inhabitants skyscrapers symbolized the new, modern trends.
Fourth, space and another space.The first and the best were all Soviet missiles.Gagarin's flight, Titov Tereshkova, and before them the dogs Belka, arrows and stars - all this caused great enthusiasm.Besides these achievements were directly related to the defenses.Soviet citizens were proud of the country in which they lived, although the reasons for this was not so much as they wanted.
There were other bright pages in the Khrushchev period, but they were not so great.Millions of political prisoners were freed, but came out of the camp, they soon realized that now the language is better to keep quiet.So reliable.
Thaw
This phenomenon today is only positive associations.Our contemporaries seem that in those years the country vosprjala from a long winter sleep, like a mighty bear.Zazhurchal streams, whispering words of truth about the horrors of Stalinism and the Gulag, voices of poets sounded at the monument to Pushkin, dudes proudly shook their their bouffant hairdos and were started to dance rock 'n' roll.About this picture depict contemporary films made on the theme of the fifties and sixties.Alas, things are not quite so.Even rehabilitated and released Political prisoners remain disenfranchised.Liveable not enough and "normal", that is not who sat citizens.
And there was one circumstance, its important psychological nature.Even those who suffered from Stalin's brutality, often remained his fans.They could not come to terms with the brutality exhibited during the overthrow of their idol.I went pun about the cult, which, of course, was but also about identity, which also took place.The allusion was to the low assessment destroyer of his own guilt in the persecution.
Stalinists formed a significant part of the dissatisfied with the policy of Khrushchev and his ouster from power they perceived as just retribution.
popular discontent
In the early sixties the Soviet Union, the economic situation began to deteriorate.The reasons for this were many.Crop failures haunted farms, deprived of many millions of workers who worked on urban construction sites and factories.The measures in the form of higher taxes on the trees and cattle led to very bad consequences: mass felling and 'blowing under the knife "stock.
Unseen and the most monstrous after years of "red terror" persecution experienced believers.Khrushchev activities in this direction can be described as barbaric.Repeatedly forced closure of churches and monasteries led to bloodshed.
extremely unfortunate and illiterate conducted "polytechnic" school reform.It cancels it only in 1966, and the consequences for a long time affected.
In addition, in 1957 the government stopped payment on the bonds, more than three decades the workers forcibly imposed.Today it would be called a default.
reasons for dissatisfaction were many, including the rules on growth industries, accompanied by a decrease in prices, coupled with rising food prices.And the patience of the people did not stand: unrest began, the most famous of which were Novocherkassk events.Workers were shot on the squares, the survivors were caught, tried and sentenced to the same as the highest.People have a natural question arises: why Khrushchev denounced Stalin's personality cult and what it is better?
next victim - the Armed Forces of the USSR
In the second half of the fifties, the Soviet Army suffered a massive, destructive and devastating attack.No, not NATO troops and the Americans with their hydrogen bombs it carried out.USSR lost 1.3 million military personnel in a very peaceful environment.Past war and become professionals who are able to do no more than to serve the motherland, the soldiers were on the street - they cut.Characteristics of Khrushchev given by them, could be the subject of linguistic research, but to publish a treatise censors would not allow.With regard to the fleet, then there is even a special conversation.All large-capacity ships to ensure stability of the naval units, especially battleships, just cut for scrap.Untalented and useless were left strategically important base in China and Finland, the troops left Austria.It is unlikely that external aggression would bring as much harm as a "defensive" activities Khrushchev.Opponents of this view would argue, say, rockets were afraid of our overseas strategy.Alas, they began to develop under Stalin.
By the way, did not spare his first and savior of the "anti-party clique."Zhukov was released from the ministerial post, he was taken out of the Presidium of the Central Committee and sent to Odessa - to command the District.
«concentrated in his hands ...»
Yes, this phrase from Lenin's political testament is quite applicable to the wrestler with the Stalinist cult.In 1958, Nikita Khrushchev became the chairman of the Council of Ministers, only one party rule it was not enough.Methods of management, positioned as a "Leninist", in fact, did not allow the possibility to express opinions that do not coincide with the general line.But the source of her mouth were the first secretary.For all its authoritarianism, Stalin often listened to objections, especially if they come from people who know their business.Even in the most tragic years of the "tyrant" could change the decision, if he proved him wrong.Khrushchev is always the first to express their position and every objection is perceived as a personal insult.In addition, in the best tradition of the Communist, he considered himself a man versed in everything - from art to art.Everyone is familiar with the case in the Arena, where avant-garde artists were victims of attacks has fallen into a rage, "the chief of the Party".There were trials of disgraced writers, sculptors spent bronze reproached, which "is not enough to launch."Speaking of them.About how Khrushchev was an expert in the field of rocketry, he speaks eloquently of his proposal VA Sudtsu, founder of ADMS "Dvina" (S-75) to thrust a complex of ... Well, in general, far away.It was in 1963 in Kubinka, at the site.
Khrushchev diplomat
about how Khrushchev banged his shoe on the podium, everyone knows, even today's students anything, but heard about it.No less popular and cause difficulties for translators phrase about the gruel, which the Soviet leader was going to show the whole capitalist world.These two quotes are best known, although they have been direct and open Nikita very much.But the main thing - not the words, but deeds.With all groznosti applications, real strategic victories of the USSR gained little.Adventurous sending missiles to Cuba was discovered, and the conflict began, nearly became the cause of death of all mankind.Intervention in Hungary sparked outrage even among allies of the USSR.Support for "progressive" regimes in Africa, Latin America and Asia rather poor cost the Soviet budget is very expensive and does not aim to achieve any useful purposes for the country and causing the greatest harm to the western countries.The initiator of these ploys often was Khrushchev himself.The politician statesman differs from that thinks only of short-term interests.That is what was given to Ukraine, the Crimea, although at the time no one could have guessed that this decision would entail international consequences.
reversal mechanism
So what was Khrushchev?The table in two columns on the right of which was given to him useful things, and the left - bad, delimited to two aspects of his character.And the Tombstone created ironically abuse them as Ernst Neizvestny, combining black and white.But it's the lyrics, but in fact Khrushchev was primarily due to dissatisfaction with their party nomenclature.Neither the people nor the army, nor the ordinary members of the CPSU did not ask, everything was decided behind the scenes and, of course, in secrecy.
Head of State calmly resting in Sochi, arrogantly ignoring the warnings of the plot obtained.When he was summoned to Moscow, he had vainly hoped to rectify the situation.Support, however, was not.State Security Committee, headed by Shelepin, stood on the side of the conspirators, the army has shown complete neutrality (the generals and marshals apparently not forgotten reform and reduction).And it was not longer count on anyone.Khrushchev's resignation took place on stationery casually and without the tragic events.
58-year-old Leonid Brezhnev, member of the Presidium, led and carried out the "palace coup."Sure, it was a bold move: in the case of failure of the consequences for participants of the conspiracy could be most dire.Brezhnev and Khrushchev was friends, but in a special way in the party.Equally warm was the relationship Nikita Sergeyevich with Lavrenty Pavlovich.And Stalin pensioner union value refers to the time very respectful.In the fall of 1964 came to an end the era of Khrushchev.
reaction
In the West, at first very cautiously embraced the change of the main occupant of the Kremlin.Politicians, prime minister and president have imagined specter of "Uncle Joe" in paramilitary fatigues with his constant tube.Khrushchev's resignation could mean re-Stalinization of both domestic and foreign policy of the USSR.However, this did not happen.Leonid Ilyich turned out to be quite friendly leader, a supporter of the peaceful coexistence of the two systems, that is, generally speaking, was seen as the orthodox Communists pererozhdenchestvo.Attitude to Stalin in his time has deteriorated the relations with the Chinese comrades.However, even the most critical characteristic of Khrushchev revisionists did not lead to an armed conflict, while under Brezhnev, he still appeared (on the peninsula Damanskii).Czechoslovak events showed some continuity in defending the gains of socialism and is associated with Hungary in 1956, although not completely identical.Began even later, in 1979, the war in Afghanistan has confirmed the worst fears about the nature of world communism.
reasons for the resignation of Khrushchev consisted mainly not wish to change the vector of development and in the pursuit of the party elite to retain and expand their preferences.
himself disgraced secretary spent the rest of his time in the sad meditations on tape nadiktovyvaya memoirs, in which he tried to justify their actions, and sometimes regretting them.For his removal from office ended relatively well.
