The diversity of the world is simply amazing with its magnificence.All kinds of things come across!For some insects about a million different species, not to mention the animals and representatives of other taxonomic units of nature.However, scientists have created a theory that says the unity of origin of all biomass on the planet.This means that the ancestor was one.Evidence of this are the similarities between the creatures.What are the similarities in the structure of all living organisms?Why this theory is considered to be recognized?Try to understand.
What are the similarities in the structure of all living organisms?
The answer is actually simple.This is indicated by the fifth grade students with learning the lessons of biology and natural history.General properties of living organisms are repelled from the structure, which is based at all is the only structure - the cell.Not for nothing is it called the building block of life.
from the cells of the body are made of plants, fungi, animals, lichens and humans.The smallest creatures on the planet - bacteria, but they are cells.But we note that the structure of the cells of living organisms differently.And this is natural.After many thousands of years was the evolution that led to the emergence and consolidation differences.As a result, we have the world the biomass of the planet, which is now.
What is common in the structure of all living organisms?The answer is quite straightforward.The presence of cells, whether single or millions of them.If you look deeper, then you can specify the generality of the biochemical composition of this structure.It is known that this protein molecules - the basis of life.
In theory Oparin-Haldane life originated from coacervate droplets, the protein molecule.She has transformed over time into a cell, and then follow all the other levels of organization of life.So the question: "What are the similarities in the structure of all living organisms?"can be answered in a few words:
- cell at the base of the structure;
- protein in the cell-based;
- nucleic acid based on the hereditary apparatus.
It is those similarities, the theory on which the unity of the origin of life on Earth.
main signs of the living
The basic properties of living organisms, allowing clearly distinguish them from inanimate objects and bodies, the following:
- reproduction, that is, leaving behind offspring for the maintenance and preservation of the number;
- irritability - the ability to respond to external influences of any kind (physical, chemical, mechanical);
- metabolism (and energy), which includes a power supply and selection;
- breathing;
- growth and development.
Taken together, these features allows you to judge whether or not the body is alive.But analysis of its morphological, genetic and physiological features of the anatomical structure, can be attributed to a particular realm of nature.
They, in turn, is known for today five.
- Animals.
- Plants.
- Mushrooms.
- bacteria.
- viruses.
Recent relate to non-cellular life forms, their systematic position in the general system of nature is rather ambiguous.
Biological Organisation
living systems have already been designated to build a hierarchy of life.We consider it more detail.Every living creature becomes part of the planet, another element of the biomass.However, it all begins, what stages it passes?This question has long been studied by scientists.Accepted provide multiple levels of organization of life.
- Molecular.
- cell.
- Cloth.
- Authority.
- organism.
- population-species.
- biogeocenotic.
- Biosphere.
Within each level has its own particular processes that indicate the presence of life.We consider these in more detail.
molecular and cellular
These levels are the very first, basic.Thus, there are numerous molecular chemical reactions between the various organic and inorganic compounds.As a result, future cells formed structure.From here it begins gradually rise one step higher - the cellular level.He is one of the most important and speaks of the unity of all life on the planet.
What are the most important molecules in the composition of cells?Without any of them it is impossible to exist?It's like:
- carbohydrates;
- proteins;
- enzymes;
- hormones;
- vitamins;
- amino acids;
- nucleic acids;
- some inorganic complex compounds;
- water;
- lipids;
- micro- and macronutrients.
Of course, the value of each of them is different.However, the prolonged absence of any body undergoes irreversible changes, and in the end - the end of the life cycle.
tissue and organ
next level of cell - tissue.After all, in itself any tissue - a collection of cells that share a common origin, anatomical features and performed the role.
In turn, the tissue form different organs.When it comes to plants, it is the root system and all the structures of the shoot.If the animal, the organs can be a long list, because a lot of them.For example, heart, kidney, lung, intestine, skin and others.
At these levels manifest the general properties of living organisms belonging to multicellular.
levels multicellular
next highest level - organismic.It implies that in the body of multicellular creatures bodies are combined into systems that joint and coordinated work ensure the normal functioning of the whole organism.
However, all the elements of the biomass are different.Population-species step - is the result of innovations in the organization of different kinds of creatures.These changes are due to the influence of environmental conditions.That is, in fact - is the level at which evolutionary changes occur as a result of adaptation.
Biosphere
The basic properties of living organisms that we have listed above, are the basis of such a global thing as the Biosphere.It is the highest, comprehensive level of organization of nature.All participants in the biosphere - the only living creatures.It consists of these biomass.Also, an important part is that produce creatures.It is bioinert substance of the biosphere.
There are several types of materials that make up this level.It:
- living;
- biogenic;
- stagnant;
- biokosnyh;
- cosmic origin;
- radioactive decay;
- simple atoms.
founder of the theory of the biosphere became Vernadsky.His contribution in the development of this concept is huge.
prokaryotes
special place among taxa nature take bacteria.The thing is that their cage is arranged somewhat differently than everyone else.Provision of micro-organisms in the natural world is denoted by one word - prokaryotes.This term implies creatures whose cells are devoid of the nuclear envelope decorated.This means that the nucleic acids are located within the entire cavity.
for bacteria levels of the organization are somewhat different nature.They can be listed in this order:
- molecular;
- cell;
- species;
- biosphere.
All other steps available to them.But microscopity and simple structure did not prevent microorganisms become the most common and numerous representatives of our planet.Such a large number of representatives has not by any other realm of nature.
