in the grammatical system of the English language 26 times.This is often the cause of difficulties in the course of its investigation.For the Russian people, in their own language which only 3 times, it is difficult to tell the difference in the use of these categories.
greatest difficulty the students who are learning English, is Present Perfect - now the perfect time.
This sophisticated English.Present Perfect
present perfect tense refers to an action that is committed in the past, but the result is related to the present:
I have done my homework.I can go for a walk.- I did lessons.I can go for walks (the homework done, and as a result of this - the opportunity to go for a walk).
I have lost my key.I can not enter my flat.- I lost my keys.I can not enter the house.
method of forming Present Perfect
This temporary category is formed by the auxiliary verbs have / has and meaning of the verb with the ending -ed or as a participle II:
My mum has just made a cake.- My mom just cooked cake.
Ann has already washed up.- When I arrived, Anna had washed the entire dish.
We have had dinner today.- We already had lunch.
in conversation instead of the full form may be used reduce 've,' s:
I've arrived in Moscow today.- Today I arrived in Moscow.
He's lost his key.- He lost his keys.
for the formation of negative forms of the verb is attached to the auxiliary particle is not:
He has not prepared for English exam.- He did not prepare for the exam in English.
They have not come home yet.- They have not yet come home.
interrogative form of the present perfect tense
To construct the general type questions in the time category Present Perfect auxiliaries has / have placed in the beginning of the sentence:
Have you ever been in Greece?- Have you ever been to Greece?
Has she graduated from the University this year?- She graduated from university this year?
to create a special type of questions used the following word order:
1) question word;
2) has / have;
3) the subject;
4) adverb of time (if any), the predicate, and so on. D.
Examples:
What has she just cooked?- What she just cooked?
Where have you walked this evening?- Where have you walked tonight?
correct or not?
As mentioned earlier, this temporal category is created using a special form of the verb meaning.In English allocate regular verbs that form the simple past and present perfect tense by adding the end of the -ed, and irregular verbs.Present Perfect - this is the time in which their use is necessary.
But, unfortunately, this part of the speech causes many students difficulty.Irregular verbs form a temporary form of a special algorithm, it does not give any rules.In fact, and excluding them can not be named, as in the English language there are more than a hundred.
example irregular verb: go-went-gone (go).The first word - verb infinitive, and the second is used to indicate the elapsed time (it is also called the sacrament 2), and the third is used to express an action in the present perfect tense.In this type of verb is no specific method for forming the first or second form of the sacrament.The only way out of this situation - cramming.There is nothing wrong, so basically all the verbs "on hearing", they quickly remembered and firmly embedded in it.
Faithful companions
as concomitant use of adverbs of time:
- Already - already:
I have already passed my exam.- I have already passed the exam.
- Just - just:
You have just won the prize!- You just won the grand prize!
- Ever - ever:
Have ever been to Milan?- Have you ever been in Milan?(as expressed by the verb "be" present perfect)
- Before - before before:
I have never met him before.- I've never met him before.
- Yet - yet, still, still:
I have not been tired yet.- I'm not tired.
As can be seen from the examples accompanying adverbs are placed after the auxiliary verb.An exception is the word "yet".
course related dialects will be used in every specific case of the present perfect tense.But the presence of these words is a certain clue to the recognition of a new temporary category.
occurrences
As mentioned earlier, this time used to refer to the impact act committed in the past.In addition, the time Present Perfect in the following cases:
1. When people talk about the action, without specifying the time of its completion:
He has done all his work.- He performed all his work.
2. When the action was over, but the time period in which it was carried out, has not ended.
compare:
I have had breakfast this morning.- I had breakfast this morning.(Morning is not over yet).
I had breakfast this morning.- I had breakfast this morning (today evening action in the past).
3. The present perfect tense may be used to refer to the preceding actions, such as:
I have taken on my coat before I went out.- I put on my coat before you leave home.
Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
To identify actions that began in the past and have continued to the present, is used Present Perfect.Suggestions:
I have lived there since 2000. - I've lived here since 2000.
She has worked here as a secretary for 5 years.- She works here as a secretary for 5 years.
In this case, now is the perfect time very closely to the different time categories - Present Perfect Continuous.It is also necessary to indicate the action, lasting from some point in the past to the present.Man eating in a speech this time, wants to show the process flow of the action, its duration.
Example:
I have been flying in the plane for 3 hours.- I fly in an airplane is already 3 hours (indicated by the process).
What distinguishes the simple past tense of this completed?
main difficulty in the assimilation of this time is that the Russian-speaking student often can not tell the difference between the past tense and the present perfect.To choose between these times did not become a real dilemma and an endless obstacle to obtaining the language skills necessary to identify specific instances of their use.
1. Present Perfect denotes the result, while the Past simple refers to completed action in the past, which has nothing to do with this.
compare:
I visited a museum a week ago.- I went to the museum a week ago.
I have just visited this museum!The exhibition is really worth seeing.- I have just visited the museum.The exhibition is really worth it to see it.
In the first case, the action has ended and the last sentence merely states the fact of visiting the museum, in the second case is a direct link with the present - is the result, that is, people get pleasure from the contemplation of paintings.Furthermore, in the first example is for the specific time - a week ago, which is the main feature of the simple past tense.
2. If the question begins with the words when, in this case, instead of the present perfect tense is used simple past.
compare:
Have you ever seen this girl?- Have you ever seen this girl (in general)?
When did you see this girl?- When have you seen this girl (know the specific time period in the past)?
Do I have time group Perfect colloquially
Often, cramming huge table with the times, irregular verbs, and other intricacies of the English language, many people do not understand the meaning of such language bloat, hearing it everyday uncomplicated foreigner.Indeed, residents of some countries drastically simplified the English have forgotten many tenses and other grammatical phenomena.Therefore, the question arises: is it worth to suffer and understand all of it, if it is not useful?
worth, because it is sure to come in handy.After all, English - is not just a chat with a foreigner on Skype on the "broken" language.It:
- foreign periodicals;
- literary masterpieces of world famous writers - Dickens, Thackeray, Hardy;
- opportunity to work in major foreign companies to enter prestigious universities, to do tutoring and others.
Thus, the study grammatical peculiarities of the English language is a must.After lexical units, like beads strung on a thread coupling grammar.
Present Perfect - a complex phenomenon, but easy to understand assiduous student.In order to assimilate it firmly in the mind, it is necessary to perform appropriate exercises practicing grammar, reading as much as possible on foreign classical literature - because where else you can find an abundance of linguistic forms?Actively use the new grammar in speech, if possible.
