Today, almost all countries of the world is particularly acute issue of environmental safety.There is nothing surprising in this: thoughtless and greedy exploitation of natural resources has led to the fact that at the moment there is a danger not only to the disappearance of most of the animals, but also the human race.Is there a huge number of environmental and conservation programs that theoretically could help deal with all the problems.But as it usually happens, things are good only on paper.
This is especially true in our country.Unfortunately, we question the ecological condition of the area is always at the end of priority.Once it did not cause any particular problems, but times change, and pollution intensity of our own land is growing at an alarming rate.Of course, modern civilization can not exist without all the benefits that it provides for industrial development.Unfortunately, manufacturers often deliberately evade compliance with basic environmental standards, resulting in a situation of environmental pollution is becoming more and more sad.
should never forget that there is no human nature.On how well we protect the environment, it depends on the welfare of our own children in the future, so that the permissive attitude to this question definitely not worth it.
accelerated in recent years, the country's industrial development has a positive effect on the economy, but the environmental problems of the West Siberian plain because this is increasing every year.
must remember that the weakest link in the whole environmental performance is the economic benefit.Even the simplest installation of sewage treatment plants is extremely expensive, and therefore management companies often "forgets" about them, preferring to pay is not as substantial fines.
Needless to say, that without the real support of the state, which would have funded the purchase of such equipment, without subsidizing the deployment of complex environmental activities should not even dream of improving the environmental situation in our country.
This is especially true in Western Siberia.This area is so peculiar that he should devote an entire article.
Introduction
the way, where is the West Siberian Plain?It is located all over the territory from the Urals to the Central Siberian Plateau, taking a giant square.
Western Siberia - the area is unique.It looks like a giant cup, in which reigns quite difficult climate.Age of the West Siberian Plain - at least 25 million years.In addition, it is unique in its geological development: for thousands of years, this area has consistently rising and falling, because of what is really formed an unusual and difficult terrain.However, the average height of the West Siberian Plain are small: in its entirety, they rarely exceed the mark of 50-150 meters above sea level.
The main elements of the relief is plain and riverbeds.In some places the plain becomes pronounced features hilly terrain folded.In the southern part of Western Siberia is the structure of the area is the most common.Many river plains, formed in a large number of large rivers with slow current, complete the picture.That's where the West Siberian Plain.
main characteristics of the terrain
As we have already said, the climate here is very specific.Thus, the southern territories are characterized by a pronounced continental climate.Due to the fact that the shape of the relief of the West Siberian Plain is a kind of bowl (see above), significant movement of air masses within it occurs.Therefore, abrupt changes in temperature throughout the winter does not happen.This is all the more surprising that the length of the West Siberian Plain is almost 2500 thousand kilometers!
So even in Barnaul temperatures often drop to -45 degrees Celsius, but the temperature of the same is observed in the northern part of the plain, although it more than two thousand kilometers.Spring is quite tight, relatively dry.April in the full sense of the word is not a spring.
In May the temperature rises sharply, but due to the movement of air masses from the ocean back often cold, and in some cases it is possible snowfall.In July, the average temperature can reach 22 degrees Celsius (but not more than 5 degrees in the northern part).Since the average height of the West Siberian Plain small, it is often there are strong chilly winds.
main causes of severe environmental conditions in the region
Firstly, the current situation is due to the fact that in recent years, an avalanche increases the intensity of extraction of natural resources.In Western Siberia, has several industries that cause damage to the nature of the most pronounced: pulp and paper, food processing, oil production and forestry.Do not forget about the explosive growth in the number of personal motor vehicles, which also contributes to the process of environmental pollution.
Unfortunately, this phenomenon is accelerated even in agriculture: in recent years in Western Siberia used quite a lot of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.In addition, local authorities are not interested even in some actions against dumping.
Many of them have long been closed, but continue to regularly burn every summer, often bringing the residents of nearby settlements to the intensive care unit.Due to the fact that the shape of the relief of the West Siberian Plain is like a bowl, unable for several months worth over cities.Simple statistics of hospitals shows that at this time the situation is dramatically complicated by respiratory diseases.
Finally, we are extremely irrational use irreplaceable resources of the West Siberian Plain.The reasons should be sought in imperial times.Then, as in the Soviet period, first began exploiting the most easily accessible and rich deposits, harassing passing the root all nearby forest.If you are familiar with a brief description of the West Siberian Plain, then you probably know that its territory is not so much forest.Once their crowns rustled almost throughout the region, but because of the rapid industrialization of the country almost all of them were completely destroyed.
and only then proceed to the development of long-range fields, which are due to the imperfection of the technological base very quickly exhausted.
In addition, most of the raw materials in these deposits there and stayed.The reason - all the same backward technology.Now get to these stocks is possible, but it will have to pay labor-intensive work and a huge amount of waste dumps.Today, as more and more come.Results grim: an incredible amount of slag simply clogs the ground, and it leads to a lowering of the weight of the earth's surface.As a result, become shallow and totally stop underground rivers, there are karst faults near which is very dangerous, any industrial activity.
Since the age of the West Siberian Plain is about 25-30 million years, wealth in its interior a lot.But do not assume that their stocks are endless.
Another reason - the inertia of thinking and follow technocratic dogmas.Many people still believe in the kind of "sverhmoguschestvo 'rights, which allows him to ignore the nature.They forget that the biosphere - not only extremely difficult, but also very fragile mechanism, mismanagement and wasteful intervention which is fraught with serious trouble for all of humanity.
However, we already see this: constant climate "freaks" when there is no snow in January and snow in June is no surprise, sharply Participation appearance tsunami and tornadoes, a huge number of fish deaths as a result of emissions of toxic substances into the river.Against this background, characteristic of the West Siberian Plain as "extremely dirty" place does not look so depressing, although all these phenomena - the links of the same chain.
Human impact
number of cities of this area is actually located in the zone of permanent ecological crisis.The main reason for this situation is the apparent mismatch of volumes of natural resources and measures to protect the environment.Simply put, the same oil production is constantly increasing, but the efforts to clean up the environment from oil spills almost none.
In addition, many in the region of nuclear sphere, the state of which in many cases is very far from ideal.Since the height of the West Siberian Plain is low (less chance of the rapid spread of infection), it is precisely this region was chosen by the Soviet leadership for the testing of nuclear weapons.The consequences of this neighborhood residents felt to this day.
We do not casually so much talked about climatic features of the area in the beginning of the article (such as the height of the West Siberian Plain): the same permafrost, available everywhere in the northern plains, is a factor contributing to the rise of environmental stress.In addition, the absence of significant movement of air in winter leads to accelerated accumulation of masses of smog over major industrial cities, which in this area a lot.
Studies clearly show that the most important environmental problems of the West Siberian Plain are characteristic of the Altai Territory, Tomsk Region and the Omsk region and Khanty-Mansiysk.In these areas the risk to human health is exceeded by 80-85%!In general, these problem areas cover about 15% of the whole of Western Siberia.
characteristic hazardous emissions
in Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk and Tomsk, Omsk, Barnaul and Tyumen (to a lesser extent) the situation is becoming more troublesome every year.In the air, there is a sharp increase in the amount of formaldehyde, phenol and benzopyrene.All of these substances are carcinogenic scary.Add to that the huge amount of emitted soot and divalent carbon monoxide.And one can not help wondering constantly growing number of respiratory diseases in living people in these cities.Do not forget about the emissions of nitrogen dioxide, which is a strong poison.
Petroleum scope
Every year, when oil is burned about seven billion cubic meters of associated gas that is not less than 75-80% of its volume.And this despite the fact that its technological losses may not exceed 5%.Torches of burning gas in Western Siberia, clearly visible even from space.It should be added that the degree of cleaning emissions in the refining industry in the region is less than 0.015%.Thus, the environmental problems of the West Siberian Plain is largely caused by the careless attitude on the part of the major oil companies.
radiation contamination area
It is not so often say, but most of the territory of Western Siberia is quite significant in the area of radioactive contamination areas.The main "merit" is owned by the company "Concentrate" and "Siberian Chemical Combine."In Tomsk, where the last plant is infected zone within a radius of at least 100 kilometers around the city.
not forget that from the territory of Totskii, Novaya Zemlya and Semipalatinsk test site for nuclear explosions far dispersed radioactive contamination.It captures Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk region.In addition, under attack was also partly suffering Altai Territory, which is already infected heptyl constantly falling on his land from falling rocket stages from Baikonur.During the period from 1953 to 1961 in these ranges were made many explosions, the consequences of which are still being felt.
But that's not all.This is not to say, but the West Siberian Plain is quite strong in the area of radioactive contamination, because it was produced within a lot of underground nuclear explosions, the effects of which are felt in the same Nefteyugansk.In Omsk is quite heavily contaminated with radiation center of the city, while its peripheral areas have remained virtually clean.
Water pollution
Almost the entire territory of the West Siberian Plain to some extent contaminated with ammonium and iron salts, phenols and nitrates.Unfortunately, even this is not the most important issue: the whole hydrographic network of the region has a big problem due to the production of oil in the region.However, in the southern part of the West Siberian Plain there is a relatively prosperous environment in this respect.
Alas, but in other areas of MPC (maximum permissible concentration) of oil in the water is exceeded in five or even 50 (!) Times.This applies particularly to the Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Omsk regions.It is important to understand that all (!!!), the northern part of Western Siberia suffering infected so that the excess rate of 50-100 times the MPC do not surprise anyone.And now - the worst.Experts believe that about 40% of the region is in a permanent state of ecological disaster, as standards for levels of oil in the water exceeded 100 times or more.
These environmental problems of the West Siberian Plain.Briefly summarizing, we can say that not all that bad.These appalling figures are more common in areas close to large cities, and provides "average temperature in the hospital."Things could have been much better, but the management of many companies is not interested in upgrading sewage treatment plants (or even install them).But the water - one of the property which is particularly rich in the West Siberian Plain!Photo its majestic rivers have in the article, so that you yourself can verify this.
Scientists, hydrologists say that the most threatening situation in the segment Biysk - Novosibirsk, where the Ob most polluted.Just below the town Kolpasheva degree of contamination of the river is also high, but at the confluence of the picture is much better.Almost all of the smaller rivers of the region situation is absolutely identical.But all the same: the qualitative and quantitative water pollution sharply reduced in the direction from north to south (to the north produced the most minerals).
Forests
Oddly enough, but the use (according to official figures, of course) of forest resources in Siberia quite modest.Average volume on harvesting cuttings does not exceed 8%, while the national average of this figure is 18%, and in some cases even more.The lack of planning leads to thinning the forest begins to grow old and die.
So overripe arrays today constitute not less than 70% in the region.All this gradually leads to the fact that the territory of Western Siberia are constantly breaking out the real "tree epidemic" caused by the invasions of wood borers and other pests.In addition, due to the above-mentioned contamination of the water surface shrinkage observed frequent instances of entire forests.
Another problem - the fire, which in recent years of "famous" Russian and West Siberian Plain.Approximately 65% of unplanned losses of wood as time falls on them.Do not forget that approximately 25% of the taiga is in the area of active oil production, which again greatly increases the probability of ignition of large areas.It is worth noting that the number of fires depends largely on the organization of local authorities.So, in the Kemerovo region full of forests, which are severely affected by pests, but the losses from the fire are negligible (less than 0.2%).Here in the "forest" is characterized by the respect of the West Siberian Plain.Photo beautiful taiga are available in this article.
own sustainable habitats
course, the ecological status of habitats in Western Siberia, as well as any other area, is largely dependent on their own sustainability.The most important factors that one way or another affect the degree of contamination, are waterlogged, permafrost, the density of the hydrographic network.Thus, the least stable are tundra and forest tundra, desert terrain but is able to resist environmental issues for a long time.
