in Russia in recent years has been an active anti-corruption policy.What are the criteria of its effectiveness?What are the legal sources adopted in the Russian Federation with a view to combating corruption?As modern researchers understand, in fact, the nature of this phenomenon?
What is corruption?
corruption, according to popular definition, a social phenomenon, indicating the actions of officials and other privileged persons in the framework of the models is the standards at the level of laws, industry standards and public foundations, usually causing material damage to the state, companies, society.The concept of corruption, so is predominantly economic nature.The person carrying out this type of action is usually interested in material gain.
International interpretation
According to the definition adopted by the organization Transparency International, whose activities are focused on the study of corruption phenomena, considered kind of activity is understood as an abuse of a trusted resource - usually powerful, private interests.An interesting formulation contains the Russian Federal Law "On Combating Corruption".It says that the phenomenon in question - is the abuse of position and authority, bribery, commercial bribery and other illegal use of variants of a citizen of his official position against the interests of society and the government to obtain benefits.Federal Law on corruption, thus expanding the interpretation of the term multiple version TI, complementing the fact that the appropriate type of wrongful acts can be carried out not only power, but also business.
looks different definition of corruption adopted at the United Nations, it is a fairly general statement.According to documents of the UN, corruption is understood as a phenomenon that has a complex social, cultural and economic nature, present in all States.Some experts point out that even in the content of the UN Convention against Corruption, a specific definition of the phenomenon is not.Although, according to some analysts, there is a certain logic - the nature and causes of corruption is so multifaceted that even at the level of one of the largest international organizations does not make sense to look for a common definition of the phenomenon.In every country of the world there may be precedents that allow to interpret it within the framework of concepts which may be quite dissimilar to those adopted in other states.Therefore, some experts believe, a common understanding of the problems the world community, the occurrence of which leads to the international corruption, can be complicated.And all because there are no guidelines to finding a common approach to the interpretation of this phenomenon.
Nature corruption
examined the concept of corruption, will examine the reasons for this view, which can be found in the research environment.There is, for example, the theory of economic nature.Among those - the thesis about correlation of profits and costs as a result of some activity.In this case - corruption.A person with a certain resource, administrative, for example, decides to commit illegal actions, realizing that there are risks, but at the same time recognizing that the anticipated benefits of them is likely to compensate.If, in turn, the citizen does not carry out any acts of corruption, and to continue to perform the functions of a normal mode, the preferences and the degree of satisfaction of its work will be significantly lower than even the punishment is incurred under the first scenario.
Causes of corruption, some researchers have also been associated with the theory of the formation of a behavioral model, which is based on the factor of getting preferences due rent.What does it mean?The fact that in the course of its business person who is, relatively speaking, at the administrative office, aware that in his hands is a failsafe in most cases the instrument profit and benefits due to her position.This factor, analysts say, may account for an even deeper corruption than in the first scenario of the economic nature of illegal actions.Since most options risk man sitting on a "rent" is meant relatively small risks.For example, corruption in law enforcement bodies, experts say, can be largely explained by the influence of this factor.
There thesis that explains the phenomenon under study in terms of crisis, economic and social institutions in the country.The reasons of corruption lead to the inefficient operation of the authorities and business.That is, for example, the citizen becomes easier to resolve a particular issue (agree on a document, order a product or service), bypassing established mechanisms enshrined in law or industry agreements.At the same official or employee of the firm in charge of the procedure of approval of the document, the release of the product or services, rarely agrees to facilitate informal address the issue free of charge.And because he somehow becomes the violator of laws and regulations to the detriment of government, business and society.
reason of corruption in Russia
According to research by the same Transparency International, in our country the level of public perception of this phenomenon remains high.Russia's position in the respective rankings, compiled by the organization, less than one hundredth place.It should be noted - concerning the correlation of how corruption is accepted by society and what is its real level in Russia, experts have been actively debating.That is, it may well be so that when a possible change in the ratings of the Russian research methodology will be more optimistic.But few argue with the fact that, as such, corruption still exists in Russia, as in any other country in the world.Even in those that are in the lead in the rankings compiled by TI and other organizations.
What are the causes of corruption in Russia?Some analysts believe the applicable three voiced above thesis, explaining the nature of this phenomenon, and to our country.In addition, experts say, there are other causes of corruption in Russia - more national character.Consider them.
According to one common version, the cause of corruption in our country must be sought in the traditions accepted in society as well as the logic of the political and socio-economic development of the country.
fact that, historically, Russia - a country in which the institution of law in the form in which it adopted in Western countries for a long time is not perceived by citizens.Russian people preferred to live in justice, not according to the written laws.In an extreme case - the court agreed to.But not on paper shaped as letters of the rules.In Soviet times, the researchers said, this social setting more evolved.Significant state intervention in the life of society and the economy led to the publication of a large number of regulations, rules, expanded legislation.As a result, the Soviet people more or less become accustomed to live all the same under the law.By virtue of the authority of the party, supported by relatively high economic performance, a stable position in the international arena, the citizens of the Soviet Union preferred not to violate the rules prescribed by the state.Because the level of corruption in the Soviet Union, according to many researchers, was low.This kind of phenomenon has certainly been (at least at the level of the shadow economy), when some material resources allocated outside government channels only officially acceptable.But the systemic nature of the problem of corruption in the USSR is considered by many analysts still do not have.However, there is a version that in Soviet times, the authorities still not worth it to take full control of the economy.Private enterprise, experts say, should allow - at least in the simplest forms.It would make much softer adaptation of many categories of citizens to the new realities, which occurred in the years of perestroika.
When the Soviet Union entered a crisis phase of development, which decided to identify the adjustment authority of the state and the party began to steadily decline.Played a role and an economic factor - people's living standards fell.In the aspect of politics - domestic, international - the state has put into positions substantially.As a result, people began to return to the "traditional" perception of politics, social processes, business - is standard right - when we must act on a piece of paper.
main causes of corruption in Russia - so it's sharp, accompanied by the unpreparedness of the society and to a large extent the political power shift from one model to another State, as well as some historical tradition.This phenomenon, experts say, is prone to the growth in almost every country where there is a corresponding transformation.Do not bypass the corruption side, analysts say, as the developed countries, many of which are now experiencing a problem credit and financial nature, resulting in the revision of current thinking about the concepts of economic development, so - as some are in the process of transit.But in Russia, as you know, has changed not only the economic but also the political system.The result is that the contrast between the concepts of governance and development is much greater than in Western countries, and the dynamics of the growth of corruption (as a result) - above.
Factors stimulating corruption
Experts identify factors that to a certain extent interfere with the implementation of anti-corruption measures and at the same time affect the aggravation of the relevant issues.This, above all, the imbalance of power and the interests of business in terms of non-extractive sectors.Difficult conditions of doing business: a high level of state intervention, difficult access to credits - contribute to the fact that business was looking for additional preferences by corrupt activities.
Another problem - the lack of a clear, according to some analysts, the interest of the state to the same "tradition", peculiar to the Russians historically, has been replaced by a high legal culture.And because society is not always able to pick up the mechanisms of interaction with the authorities, the alternative that are characteristic of many areas of socio-political and economic development of the country today.
However, in the 2000s, socio-political and economic situation in Russia has stabilized.In terms of quality of life, active on the political scene in Russia is largely achieved in the Soviet Union regained position.However, the problem of corruption in Russia remained.This is due, researchers believe, to the incompleteness of the full economic Transit - Russia's transition from a socialist model of development to predominantly capitalist.Mostly, analysts say - in terms of the quality of legislation and the effectiveness of the political and social institutions.Soviet principles of political governance and legal registration of various types of relationships are obsolete.Legislation in the field of business and all developed almost from scratch - private entrepreneurship in the Soviet Union was not for several decades.As a result - society, government, business in a number of areas began to develop through trial and error, a side effect of which was corruption.
However, in recent years, as some experts believe, the situation began to improve.Has been improved, especially the legislative framework, the reforms in a number of government institutions.Consider the legal aspect in more detail.Problems of corruption, as we have noted above, in present-day Russia is largely due to the crisis because of the prolonged regulatory key public institutions.
Russian anti-corruption legislation
What sources of law, you can pay attention to?One of those we have already mentioned above - is the Federal Law on corruption.But he is not the only legal act and the source implementation of appropriate policy directions in the organizational aspect.Before there was a full-fledged Russian law on corruption, the authorities had developed a national strategy to counter the phenomenon under consideration.Another important source - the national plan for 2014-2015, also provides for the work of state institutions in the direction of combating corruption.We will study an overview of selected legal acts.
Anti-Corruption Law and
Historically the very first source - the Law on Corruption, adopted 25.12.2008 It is considered a fundamental regulations of the Russian Federation, which sets out the key principles aimed at countering the phenomenon under consideration, as well as the organizational basis for preventive measuresagainst it.Also, the law on corruption includes provisions aimed at eliminating the possible consequences of the appropriate type of offenses.
combating corruption in the national strategy
Another important legal act - The National Anti-Corruption Strategy.In terms of status, it is a presidential decree.This document was signed 13.04.2010 was a lawyer, he is characterized as increasingly program source, the wording of which are aimed at eliminating the key factors that form the basis for the emergence of corruption in the country.It is expected that the provisions of the National Strategy will be concretized over time, based on objective socio-political and economic realities.This policy document reflected aspects of combating corruption at all levels of government - federal, regional and municipal.
Combating Corruption under the national plan
complements the law on corruption, as well as discussed above policy document National Plan corresponding direction.He was received by 04.11.2014 It was - one of the newest sources of anti-corruption focus.National Plan as well as the strategy has the status of Presidential Decree.
lawyers describe him as a source, designed to be an effective tool for implementing the strategy of the same name.It is expected that this document will fix the list of actions aimed at combating corruption, to identify specific individuals responsible for their implementation, as well as ways of practical implementation of the activities carried out with the appropriate target.
Anticorruption Policy in Russia: efficiency criteria
How effective is the current anti-corruption policy pursued by the Russian authorities?Experts' opinions on this issue vary widely.There are those who believe that the mere legislative aspects of public policy is not enough.Even if the law is a kind of article about corruption and the measures envisaged liability - this fact, experts say, very indirectly affect the systemic causes of the phenomenon.
necessary to work actively towards not only legislative, but also pay attention to the education of new values in society and, last but not least, management training, for which acts of corruption are not held in high esteem.Thus, the measure of restriction of illegal actions should not only be provided for in the laws on corruption, but also a model of social behavior to encourage some citizens to communicate with their compatriots, the authorities and businesses in the framework of the law.
considerable amount of work, analysts say, is also in the business.Private companies account for a significant percentage of Russian employers, thus greatly affect society through intra-corporate arrangements.Economic corruption in the forms that are characteristic for businesses can be significantly reduced if companies begin to cultivate among its own staff opinions to help solve issues of cooperation in the private sector, as well as with state agencies in a legal manner.The success of the business policy in this regard, experts say, a positive impact on the trends that reflect the perception of corruption by society as a whole.
