At the present stage of economic development has been a significant increase in the scale of consumption of various natural resources.With this greatly complicated the process of interaction between society and the environment.
main problems
As a result of anthropogenic impact on the environment expands and becomes more intense manifestation of specific man-made phenomena.Today, power, fuel, raw materials, water and environmental issues in general, so aggravated that went beyond the individual regions, acquiring a global scale.In this connection special importance study of the global natural-resource potential of the individual stocks.Not least is and thorough analysis of the economic systems that have developed in different structures of modern society, and their use.At the present time it is necessary to develop a clear plan for the optimal development of natural resources.
concept economic good
Each person has a certain desire.They are divided into two categories: material and spiritual.However, it should be said that the division is more conventional.Thus, it is difficult to say exactly to the material or spiritual category refers to the need for knowledge.Nevertheless, the division is possible.Economic needs and benefits - two related categories.The first reflects the fact aspires to people.In turn, the economic good is a property of an object that is able to satisfy the desires of the people.This category is considered to be fundamental in the theory of economic development of any country.
Features
At the dawn of statehood humanity were available free and economic benefits.The former is all that naturally exist in nature and can satisfy the desires of the people.However, over time the ratio, which were free and economic goods, began to change in favor of the latter.In other words, almost all the wishes of the people met by steel production.In a market where the material (economic) benefits are bought and sold, they are called services and products (often simply products products).
ratio categories
Humanity is arranged in such a way that its economic needs and benefits that are at his disposal, is usually not equal in volume.As a rule, the first over the second.Experts say even about the special principle - "the law of elevation".It means that the needs grow faster than manufactured goods.To a large extent this is due to the fact that after the satisfaction of some desires of other people there.In traditional society, primarily required necessary for normal life of people economic benefits.Examples of these are found everyday.This, in particular, food, clothing, simple services, housing.
Engel's Law
He points to a direct link between the type of product purchased and the level of income of people.This theory has been proven in the 19th century Prussian statistician Ernest Engel.According to his statement that confirms the practice, with an increase in the absolute value of the share of income that is spent on services and essential commodities, decreased.This increases the cost of products, which need less.As the needs of the very first acts as food.In this regard, the law Engel expressed in the fact that with the increase of income is reduced share spent on food.This increases the part that goes to the purchase of other goods, particularly services, acting as the products are not necessities.As a result, we can conclude that if a growth in demand is constantly ahead of the release of economic benefits, the first are limitless, until the end of unquenchable.At the same time, we can say both.In particular, if the economic benefits and resources are limited, they have fewer needs.This, in turn, caused many natural resources are not unlimited, lack of labor, low production and weak power financing.In other words, the production falls short of needs due to limited capacity and reserves.
economic benefits and their classification
As mankind can not live without satisfying his needs, the main problem of the theory of management in any country stands production problems.The output caused inexhaustible needs of people who require satisfaction.The needs of humanity are different.To meet them requires a different economic goods (examples of which are given below).For the production of any product requires some costs.For a better understanding, economic benefits and their classification must be considered separately.This will in the future to make the right conclusions in the study of the subject production as a whole.It should be noted that not all objects appear as economic benefits.Examples of these are fairly well known - it is air, water, earth.Now they are enough to satisfy the needs of the people.Economic benefits are limited.They are not enough to meet the needs of the population.It should be noted here that the ability to meet the needs of an object does not make good.This property must be recognized person.
main categories
Today there are a wide variety of goods.In particular, they may be:
- social and individual.
- materially and spiritually.
- present and future.The first in this case are in the immediate disposal of real people.The latter can be used, respectively, in the future.In practice, people prefer present goods.Because of the priority of different theories are based on income.
- economic and noneconomic.
- directly and indirectly.In this case, the first designed to meet certain needs and does not need to be converted.The latter act as agent.They are called more productive economic goods.Examples of these are: buildings, equipment, industrial buildings, etc.This distinction is nevertheless considered to be highly conditional.
- short-term and long-term.The former can be used to meet the specific needs of only once.Long-term benefits are designed for repeated use.They are consumed gradually and can meet the same need more than once.
- interchangeable and vzaimozapolnyaemymi (complimentary).The first are able to replace each other when consumed.Vzaimozapolnyaemye can satisfy the needs only when used together.Any economic benefit is to a certain supplement or replace the connection with others.
All objects that satisfy the needs get different categories:
- By way of surrender, they are divided into things and services.The first category is represented by tangible products of nature or human activity.The service is considered a human activity aimed at meeting the needs of someone else.
- By the nature of the needs of isolated material and spiritual objects.The last - this is the services or items that meet social and spiritual needs (informational, educational, cultural, scientific research, communications, etc.).First, respectively, implemented material needs.
- As rarity and limited public release.
Features categories
As was said above, the benefits can be material and spiritual.The basis of this division are the physical properties of one or another object.So, there are things, tangible material.They can be seen to determine their physical characteristics.Also present in the world and the "disembodied objects", "ideal".They make sure a mandatory document assigning the appropriate rights to them.Material possessions (clothes, a full meal) does not occur in the clear in nature.Get them a person can by means of the production process by converting natural raw materials.In order for such goods has increased, it is necessary to take additional action.This is the essence of the need for production.Intangible benefits are assimilated by people without any effort.They are present in the environment as a finished product.These objects also have the ability to act on the development of human skills.Material and spiritual benefits are divided into:
- Domestic (ear, voice and so on, which is given by nature, and the person develops them himself).
- External (business relations).
production assets
to manufacture a product or perform services necessary resources.They are divided into the following categories:
- Natural.These include all that is in the environment.
- financially.This category includes land or resource capital.
- Labor.These include entrepreneurial, professional abilities and skills of people employed in manufacturing and services.
In conclusion
All economic factors, resources have one thing in common - the limitations.However, this characteristic is considered to be a relative.The limitations mean that resources are usually less than needed to meet the needs at a certain stage of economic development.As a result, there is a lack of output.Industry can not release all the goods and services that would love to get humanity.The restrictions are limited and due to the fact that the level of technological development determines the limits of the use of these or other resources (for example, sets the depth of oil refining).
