Chemistry - is the science that gives us all the variety of materials and household items, which we did not hesitate to use every day.But to come to the opening of such a variety of compounds that are known today, many chemists had to go through a complex scientific way.
great difficulty, numerous successful and unsuccessful experiments enormous theoretical knowledge base - all this led to the formation of different areas of industrial chemistry, allowed to synthesize and use modern materials: rubber, plastics, plastics, resins, alloys, various glasses, silicones, etc..
One of the most famous, honored chemists who have made an invaluable contribution to the development of organic chemistry it was a Russian Butlerov AM His works, achievements and results of the work we consider briefly in this article.
brief biography
Born scientist - September 1828, the number of different sources differently.He was the son of Lieutenant Colonel Michael Butlerova mother lost early enough.All childhood lived on the family estate of his grandfather in the village Podlesnaya Shentala (now part of the Republic of Tatarstan).
studied in different places, first in a closed private school, then in high school.Later, he entered the University of Kazan in the department of physics and mathematics.However, despite this most interested in chemistry.The future author of the theory of the structure of organic compounds remain after graduation in place as a teacher.
1851 - the defense of the first academic thesis on "The oxidation of organic compounds."After a brilliant performance he was given the opportunity to manage the entire chemistry at the university.
author of the theory of the structure of organic compounds has come a long career ladder and in 1874 became one of the best academics St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
scientist died in 1886, where he spent his childhood in the family estate of his grandfather.In the family of the local chapel and he was buried.
contribution of scientists to the development of chemical knowledge
theory of the structure of organic compounds Butlerova - this is definitely his main work.But not the only one.It was this scientist has created the first Russian school of chemists.
And from its walls were such scholars who later had a big weight in the development of the whole of science.These are the following people:
- Markovnikov;
- Zaitsev;
- Kondakov;
- Tabor;
- Konovalov;
- Lions and others.
author of the theory of the structure of organic compounds created a series of works on the natural sciences, including chemistry.Especially a lot of research has been devoted to it organic compounds.
work in organic chemistry
There can hardly be called a lot.After Butlerof almost all the free time spent in the laboratory of the university, carrying out various experiments, making findings and conclusions.This is how was born the theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds.
There are some particularly intensive work of scientists:
- he created a report to the conference on the theme "On the chemical structure of matter";
- dissertation work "On the essential oils';
- first scientific work "The oxidation of organic compounds."
Before its formulation and the creation of the author of the theory of the structure of organic compounds long studied the work of other scientists from different countries, studied their works, including experimental.Only then, to generalize and systematize the acquired knowledge, it reflected all the conclusions in the provisions of its nominal theory.
theory of the structure of organic compounds AM Butlerov
XIX century is marked by rapid development of almost all sciences, including chemistry.In particular, continue to accumulate vast discoveries of carbon and its compounds, organic substances affect all its diversity.However, no one dares to organize and arrange all this factual material, lead to a common denominator and to identify common patterns, on which everything is built.
first did Butlerov AM That he is a brilliant theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds, the provisions of which he said mass at the German conference of chemists.This was the beginning of a new era in the development of science, organic chemistry on the path of intensive development.
scientist himself came to this gradually.He spent a lot of experiments and predicted the existence of substances with predetermined properties, has opened some types of reactions and saw behind them the future.Many studied the works of their colleagues and their discovery.Only against this by careful and painstaking work he still managed to create his masterpiece.And now the theory of the structure of organic compounds in the chemistry section - virtually the same as the periodic system in inorganic.
discoveries of scientists before the creation of the theory
What made discoveries and gives theoretical substantiation scientists before there was a theory of the structure of organic compounds AM Butlerov?
- domestic genius of the first synthesized organic substances such as hexamine, formaldehyde, methylene iodide and others.
- synthesized from sugar-inorganic material (tertiary alcohol), thereby causing another blow to the theory of vitalism.
- predict the future for polymerization reactions, calling them the best and promising.
- Isomerism was first explained to them alone.
Of course, this is only the major milestones of his work.In fact, many years of hard work can be described by a scientist long.However, the most important for today became still theory of the structure of organic compounds, the provisions of which we'll talk further.
first position theory
In 1861, the great Russian scientist at the congress of chemists in the city of Speyer and colleagues divided their views on the reasons for the structure and diversity of organic compounds, expressing all this in the form of the theory.
The first point is the following: all the atoms within a molecule are connected in sequence, which is determined by their valence.This figure shows the carbon valence of four.Oxygen has a value of the indicator is equal to two, hydrogen - unity.
similar features, he suggested calling the chemical structure of substances.Later there were the notation expression of his paper with graphic full structural reduction and molecular formulas.
This is also the phenomenon of the connection of carbon particles with each other in an endless chain of different structure (linear, cyclic, branched).
In general, the theory of the structure of organic compounds Butlerova its first position and determine the significance of the valence of the single formula for each compound, reflecting the properties and behavior of matter at the time of reaction.
second position of the theory
This clause was given an explanation of the variety of organic compounds in the world.Based on the carbon compounds in the chain, the scientist suggested that in the world there are unequal compounds having different properties, but it is completely identical molecular composition.In other words, there is a phenomenon of isomerism.
This provision theory of the structure of organic compounds AM Butlerov not only explained the essence of the isomers, and isomers, and the scientist all practical empirically confirmed.
For example, he synthesized isomer of butane - isobutane.Then, pentane predicted to exist not one, but three isomers, based on the structure of the compounds.And synthesize them all, proving his innocence.
Disclosure third position
next item theory says that all the atoms and molecules within the same compound can affect the properties of each other.From this and will depend on the behavior of substances in various types of reactions exhibited chemical and other properties.
Thus, under this provision identify several classes of organic compounds differing views and determines the structure of the functional group.
theory of the structure of organic compounds AM Butlerov summarized in almost all textbooks on organic chemistry.After all, it is - the basis of this section, an explanation of all the laws, which are built molecule.
value theory to modern
Of course, it is great.This theory allowed:
- unite and organize all the factual material accumulated by the time of its creation;
- explain the laws of the structure, properties of various compounds;
- give a full explanation of the reasons for such a large variety of chemical compounds;
- gave the start for numerous syntheses of new substances, based on the provisions of the theory;
- allowed to move views, develop an atomic-molecular theory.
therefore say that the author of the theory of the structure of organic compounds, a photo which can be seen below, has done much - it does not say anything.Butlerova can rightly be considered the father of organic chemistry, the founder of its theoretical foundations.
Its scientific vision of the world, the genius of thinking, the ability to anticipate the result played a role in the long run.The man had an enormous capacity for work, patience and tireless experimenting, synthesizing, training.Wrong, but always learn lessons and do the right long-term conclusions.
Only such a set of qualities and business acumen, tenacity led to the desired effect.
study of organic chemistry at the school
In the course of secondary education in the study of the fundamentals of organic matter is given not so much time.Only one quarter of grade 9 and full-year 10 level (the program Gabrielyan OS).However, this time is enough that the children were able to explore all the main classes of compounds, particularly their structure and range, practical significance.
the basis for the beginning of the course - the theory of the structure of organic compounds AM Butlerov.Grade 10 is dedicated to the complete review of its provisions, and in the future - the theoretical and practical confirmation of the study of each class of substances.
