Old Russian literature - what is it?Compositions 11-17 centuries include not only literary works, but also historical texts (annals and chronicles the story), descriptions of travel (called walking), Lives (narrative of the lives of the saints), sermons, letters, samples of oratorical genre, as well assome texts of business content.Topics of Old Russian literature, as you see, is very rich.All the works are elements of the emotional life of the lighting, art.
Authorship
The school students learn, what the Old Russian literature, outline the basic concepts.They probably know that most of the works belonging to this period are not retained copyright names.Literature of Ancient Rus largely anonymous and therefore is similar to the oral folk art.The texts were written by hand and distributed by correspondence - up, resulting in often processed to meet the new literary tastes, the political situation, as well as the literary abilities and personal preferences copyists.Therefore, the work came to us in different editions and versions.A comparative analysis of them helps researchers to reconstruct the history of a monument and to conclude which of the options closest to the source, author's text, as well as trace the history of its changes.
Sometimes, in very rare cases, we have the copyright option, and often in the later lists can be found closest to the original monuments of Old Russian literature.Therefore, they should be examined on the basis of all available options works.They are available in large urban libraries, museums and archives.Many texts have been preserved in a large number of lists, some - limited.The only option presented, for example, "A Tale of Woe-Misfortune", "Instructions" Vladimir Monomakh "Lay."
"etiquette" and repeatability
It should be noted the peculiarity of Old Russian literature as repeatability in different texts pertaining to different eras, certain characteristics, situations, epithets, metaphors, comparisons.Works are inherent in so-called etiquette: the hero behaves or acts anyway because he follows the concepts of his time on how to behave in different circumstances.And the events (for example, the battle) are described with the use of permanent forms and images.
Literature 10th century
continue to talk about what Old Russian literature.Outline the main provisions, if you are afraid to forget something.Literature of Ancient Rus majestic, solemn, traditional.Its appearance is the 10th century, more precisely to its end when, after the adoption of Christianity as the state religion in Russia began to appear the historical and official texts written in Old Church Slavonic.Through the mediation of Bulgaria (which was the source of these works) Ancient Russia has joined the development of the literature of Byzantium and the South Slavs.Feudal state led by Kiev to implement their interests had to create their own texts to introduce new genres.With the help of literature planned education of patriotism, the approval of the political and historical unity of the people and the ancient princes, their denunciation of strife.
Literature 11th - early 13th centuries.
themes and objectives of literature of this period (the fight with Polovtsy and Pechenegs - external enemies, the issues of Russian history due to the worldwide struggle for the throne of Kiev princes, the history of the state) determined the nature of the style of the time, which Likhachev called the monumental historicism.The emergence of chronicles in our country is connected with the beginning of Russian literature.
We also work which can be found in the book "Old Russian literature" (Grade 6).This is the "Tale of Bygone Years", which came to us as part of the later chronicles.It was compiled publicist and historian monk Nestor about in 1113.At the heart of the story are the early chronicles that have not survived.Tutorial "Old Russian literature" (Grade 6) also includes another interesting product of the time - "Legend of the Kozhemyako."
11th century
This dates from the first century lives: Theodosius Pechersky, Boris and Gleb.They are distinguished by attention to the problems of modernity, literary excellence, vitality.
patriotism, maturity of political thought, journalistic and high skill of oratory monuments marked "Sermon on Law and Grace," written Hilarion in the first half of the 11th century, "The words and teachings" of Cyril of Turov (1130-1182 gg.)."Instructions" Grand Prince of Kiev, Vladimir Monomakh, who lived in the period from 1053 by 1125., Imbued with profound humanity and concern for the fate of the state.
"Lay"
no mention of this work can not be avoided when the topic of the article is the Old Russian literature.What is the "Lay?"This is the greatest work of ancient Russia, created by an unknown author in the 80s of the 12th century.The text is devoted to a specific theme - unsuccessful campaigns in the Polovtsian steppe in 1185 of Prince Igor's.The author is interested not only the fate of the Russian land, it also recalls the events of the present and the distant past, so the real heroes "of the Word" - not Igor and Svyatoslav, who also paid a lot of attention in the work, and the Russian land, the people - something on which is basedOld Russian literature."The word 'many features associated with the narrative traditions of his time.But, as in any work of genius, it contains original features, manifested in the rhythmic sophistication, richness of language, the use of techniques characteristic of folklore, and their reinterpretation, civil pathos and lyricism.
national-patriotic theme
It raises during the Tartar yoke (from 1243 until the end of the 15th century) Old Russian literature.What is patriotism in the works this time?Let's try to answer this question.Style monumental historicism gets some expressive tone: different lyrical texts have tragic pathos.The idea of a strong central power of the prince gets in this time of great importance.In some stories and chronicles (for example, in "The Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan Batu") reports about the horrors of the invasion of the enemy and courageous fight against the oppressors of the Russian people.That's evident patriotism.The image of the defender of the earth, a perfect prince was reflected most clearly in written in the 70s of the 13th century work "The Story of the Life of Alexander Nevsky".
The reader "Tale of the Ruin of the Russian Land" opens the picture the grandeur of nature, the power of the princes.This work - only an excerpt of the extant text is not completely.It is dedicated to the events of the first half of the 13th century - the time of the Tartar yoke heavy.
new style: expressive emotional
During the 14-50-ies.15th century changed Old Russian literature.What is expressive and emotional style, which arose at this time?It reflects the ideology and the events of the associations around Moscow northeastern Russia and the formation of the centralized Russian state.Then literature began to show interest in the personality and psychology of man, his inner spiritual world (though still only within the religious consciousness).This led to an increase in subjective beginning works.
So a new style - expressive and emotional, in which it should be noted verbal sophistication and "weaving of words" (ie the use of ornamental prose).These new methods are intended to reflect the desire for the image of feelings of the individual.
In the second half of the 15th - early 16th centuries.there are stories, which date back to the story of his novelistic character of oral stories ("The Story of the Merchant Basarge", "The Story of Dracula" and others).Noticeable increase in the number of translated works of fiction character, widespread while a genre legends (for example, "The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir").
"The Tale of Peter and Fevronia"
As mentioned above, the works of ancient Russian literature and borrow some features of legends.In the mid-16th century Ermolai Erasmus, an old Russian journalist and writer, creating the famous "Tale of Peter and Fevronia," is one of the most significant texts of Russian literature.It is based on the legend of how the mind thanks to its peasant girl became a princess.Widely used in the product fabulous tricks, sound and social motives.
characteristic literature of the 16th century
In the 16th century the official nature of the text is enhanced, the hallmark of literature becomes solemnity and pomp.Spread receive such works whose purpose - regulation of political, cultural, legal, and everyday life.A striking example - "Great Saints Lives" is a compilation of texts, comprising 12 volumes, which were intended for home reading every month.At the same time it creates a "Domostroy", which sets out rules of behavior in the family, provides tips on housekeeping, as well as on relations between people.The historical works of the period, more penetrating fiction narrative in order to make the story interesting.
17th century works of Old Russian literature of the 17th century transformed significantly.Begins to form so-called art of modern times.The process of democratization is expanding theme works.The changing role of the individual in history thanks to the events of the peasant war (late 16th - early 17th cc.), As well as the Time of Troubles.Acts of Boris Godunov, Ivan the Terrible, Basil Shuisky and other historical figures are explained by now not only the divine will, and personality characteristics of each.Appears particular genre - Democratic satire which mocked the church and state orders, proceedings (for example, "A Tale of Shemyakin court"), Office Practice ("Kalyazin petition").
"Life" Habakkuk, household story
In the 17th century written autobiographical lived in the period from 1620 to 1682 years.Avvakum - "Life".It is described in the book "Old Russian literature" (grade 9).A feature of the text is rich, lively language, conversational everyday, tall bookcase.
During this period, created and household story of Frol Skobeyev, Sawa Grudtsyn and others, reflecting the distinctive character of the Old Russian literature.There are translations of collections of short stories and novels of chivalry.Develops Prosody (known authors - Sylvester Medvedev, Simeon Polotskits, Carion Istomin).
17th century completed the history of ancient literature, and there comes the next stage - the literature of modern times.
