Geographical environment - is part of nature, which directly interacts with human society.It is necessary for people to solve production problems for life.The diversity that exists in nature, is naturally divided human labor.He became engaged in hunting and fishing, animal husbandry, mining, etc.Features that have the natural environment, provide specific areas of human activity.Examples are certain industries, which vary by country and region.
history of
Geographical environment has emerged as a consequence of the evolution of the Earth's biosphere.Then there is its development.All the given period divided by scientists into three stages.The first one lasted about three billion years.It was the existence of the simplest organisms.In the atmosphere of the first phase of development of the geographical environment containing a small amount of free oxygen.But at the same time there was a lot of carbon dioxide.
second phase lasted about five hundred seventy million years.For it was typical of the leading role of living organisms in the process of development and formation of the geographical envelope.During this period, accumulated rocks of organic origin, and change the composition of the atmosphere and water.All this happened because of the photosynthesis of green plants.The end of this phase was the period of the appearance of man on earth.
Forty thousand years ago, began the last, contemporary period in the development of the geographical envelope.At this time, the relationship between man and nature have changed significantly People began to actively influence the various parts of the geographical environment, because without it they could not live and develop further.
So, mankind has brought new species of animals and plants.It has mastered the uncharted territory and displacing wild flora and fauna.
Main components
What complexes form the geographical environment?It consists primarily of site.It is a place where there are socio-political or ethnic education.The territory consists of the following components:
- geographical position.It reflects the remoteness of the area of the equator and the poles, its presence on a particular island, continent, etc.From the geographical position depends largely on a number of features of a particular state (soil, climate, fauna, flora, etc.).
- surface topography.It is characterized by a degree of overlap area, the presence of mountain ranges and hills, the presence lowlands and plains, etc.
- nature of the soil.They can be podzolic and marshy, and sandy chernozem, etc.
- bowels of the earth.This concept features include the geological structure of, and the presence in it of mineral wealth.
The second component of the geographical environment are the climatic conditions.It includes:
- the quality and quantity of solar energy received in a given area;
- seasonal and daily changes in air temperature;
- the nature and amount of rainfall;
- humidity;
- the degree of cloud cover;
- the presence in the soil of the permafrost;
- wind strength and direction, etc.
All the elements of the natural environment, which includes the concept of climate change.
next component of the biosphere of the Earth is water resources.In this concept includes the river and the sea, lakes and swamps, mineral springs and underground water.The system "man-nature" developed very strongly.So, on many aspects of human activity have a major impact hydrographic regimes seas, lakes and rivers, their temperature, current, salinity, etc. zamerzaemost
Some other complexes form the geographical environment?It's flora and fauna.It includes all the living organisms that live in the waters, in the soil and on the ground.This bird, animals, plants and microorganisms.
Based on the foregoing, what is called the geographical environment?This set of location areas, the surface of the device, minerals, soil, water, climate and flora and fauna in a particular area of the Earth, where he lives and develops a certain part of human society.
Environment
This concept is of great importance for society.Its structure is much wider than that of the geographical environment.What is included in it?There are certain types of environment - natural and artificial.
The first of these - the biosphere.This is an area of life of all living beings.The biosphere includes not only representatives of the fauna and flora, but also all of their habitats.Of course, the relationship between man and nature is such that people constantly learn and transform more and more territory.For society, these actions are only positive.Development resources, the nature of the data leads to undoubted increase not only material but also spiritual values of mankind.People could not be reasonable, if not learned to create something new - something that is not in the world.
in environmental media and includes the built environment.It is everything that has been created by man.This is not only a variety of subjects, but also bred by breeding and using the domestication of plants and animals.
value of the built environment for the society every year more and more increasing.However, the dynamics of this development is worrisome.The fact that the state of the environment as a result of society is constantly deteriorating.The volume of all that is created by man, is already significantly higher than the weight of the planet's living organisms.
Despite the fact that the geographical environment referred to the entire biosphere that surrounds human society, on its territory there are man-made components in the form of companies and cities, highways, etc.Such items are often referred to as the "second" nature.However, the term "environment" in international agreements has a slightly different meaning.It refers only to the natural biosphere.
contradictory interaction
Any progress is possible only as a result of struggle and at the same time the unity of opposing forces.In the world there are two opposites.It is nature and people.Each of these two forces live by their own laws.And so there is nothing surprising in the fact that throughout the history of mankind is its struggle with nature.
This has resulted in the improvement of tools, which have gone from stone axes to lasers.Nature and man have not changed the essence of their cooperation over many millennia.Other steel scales and forms of struggle.
Unity
man and the environment come together in the process of production of material goods.Users conquer nature, but can only act according to its laws.All geographic environmental factors are needed to man.Without them it simply can not.And there are numerous examples.Nature and man are one.How can this be explained?The fact that people - not social creatures.They Biosocial.His body we belong to nature, and therefore each hit on it affects our health.
give more examples.Nature and man interact and compete with each other by means of production and technology.However, any process is a method of assigning the company the objects of nature.Therefore, there should be established a harmonious relationship with these two opposites.
Thus, the concept of "natural environment" and the fate of mankind are closely linked.That is why the development of the society should not interfere in the process of evolution of all that, what is in the geographical environment.It should be remembered that nature is a kind of inorganic body of man.That is why the establishment of production, able to destroy the environment, so destructive.
Necessity processes
Human society can not renounce wealth creation.This process is metabolism (energy and information) between humans and nature.How does this happen?In nature, there are enormous in scale cycles of various substances.Man complicates these cycles and makes them different in quality.Besides, people create a substance not found in nature.Thus, according to statistics, every year, scientists synthesized by almost two hundred thousand previously existing chemicals.However, such materials, or not included in the natural cycle of substances or included in it, but with great difficulty.
biosphere preservation
state of the environment, which in recent years is alarming environmentalists, can be improved by creating a waste-free production.What does it mean?In this case, the production cycle will be re-used substances taken from nature.The raw materials can be used metal scrap and waste paper, old rubber, glass and plastic.Such a thing is not only cost-effective.It is of great ecological interest for our planet.
for waste-free production of various enterprises should be combined so that the waste of one of them becomes the raw material for another.Otherwise we breathe polluted air and suffer from a lack of clean water.All this has lead to the development of many diseases in humans.
geopolitical problems
Many scholars have recognized the fact that the location of the state, that is one of the components of the geographical environment, is of great importance for the development prospects of the country.It affects the common policy (geopolitics) society.Why is this?Based on historical experience, we can conclude that the territory of any state is a strategic resource.In terms of importance, he is in the first place.
the geographical environment, that is, with its components such as water and air, land, etc., all related livelihoods of human society.Inseparable from these elements and spiritual ideals.Even in ancient times many peoples of many factors of the geographical environment were raised to the rank of deities.And until now, the religion continues to play a major role in modern politics.This is especially pronounced in the Third World countries.
reason for the poor development of many of modern society is to follow the religious and national traditions, which are still in the old days were dictated by the geographical environment of their habitat.This may explain the decline that we have seen in the Egyptian and Indian civilizations.The consequence of this process is lagging behind in these regions in the political, cultural and economic terms.
International relations are determined in addition to territorial jurisdiction and the presence (absence) of natural resources.Thus, Africa has a strategic importance for the global economy as well as geopolitical interests of the United States.The main natural resources of the territory - oil.This component of the geographical environment determines both internal and foreign policy of the United States.
highly developed countries have reached a high level of technical and technological progress.Modern equipment allows the most efficient use of existing natural resources.This fact reduces the dependence of the company from the geographical environment.
in the Third World population growth exceeds the development of technical progress.That is why the life of society in these countries is significantly affected by the geographical environment.It is not surprising that natural disasters in such countries carry a large number of lives.This is due to the inability to make timely forecasting of natural disasters, which would take action to reduce the number of victims.
Hunger
Today the world has accumulated significant reserves of food.However, despite this, die each year from hunger around fifty million people.The vast majority of undernourished people live in countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America.This Third World countries, whose economies are characterized by manual labor and primitive primitive technology.The reason for such a low level is the philosophy of living in these states, people.They still rely on the geographical environment and the immensity of its resources.
role of nature for human society today
From all the above, we can conclude that people and the environment does not have such a close relationship, as in the old days.The role of the biosphere in the development of society at the present stage diminished.This was made possible thanks to advances in scientific and technological revolution.
But at the same time there is a relationship of politics, economics, and geopolitics of the availability of mineral resources.The absence of these necessary for the production of human activity component forces to search for them in other places, sometimes even aggressive methods.In addition to populated areas important to the quality of air, water and fertile land.These facts indicate that the role of the geographical environment in the development of society still remains one of the most important.And the non-recognition of this fact can become a cause of this ecological disaster.
geographical environment and human health
The state of our bodies significantly affected by water and food.These components have a different quality depending on their location.This is due to the presence or absence therein of certain chemical elements.Food and water of poor quality cause certain diseases that occur in the respective regions.For example, people living in the Baltic States, Finland, Germany, as well as in the north-western regions of Russia, loses a chemical element, like selenium.This causes deterioration of the cardiac muscle and myocardial infarction.
Everyone knows a healthy effect that has on the human nature of Crimea.This is due not only to favorable climate, murmur of the sea and air ionization.The fact is that in the soils of the Crimean peninsula are many lithium.This element has beneficial effects on the human nervous system, removing the psychic load.
People living in areas where soils have an excess of cadmium, often suffer from renal disease.They have reduced the amount of protein in the body, most malignancies arise.
If the human body there is an increased content of cadmium and lead, this fact testifies to the poisoning of the brain.The scientists found that in areas where soils are poor in cobalt, negative processes taking place in the body of animals.Cows not receive the item, lose weight.They fall degreased wool and milk.
When the geographic environment is a shortage of iodine, one of the most common human diseases becoming endemic goiter.This pathology, in turn, becomes the cause of hormonal function and thyroid function.The most common crop in North America and Central Asia, the Belarusian Polesie and Holland.Such well-known diseases of the teeth as caries and fluorosis, can become a cause of destruction of bone tissue.The first of them appears at lack of food and water fluorine, and the second - in excess of that element.
When elevated levels of nickel in the soil (the Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, and others.) The person has irritation of the epithelium of the cornea and eye damage.Lack of molybdenum (Florida, New Zealand, Australia) causes disturbances of nitrogen metabolism.
negative impact on human health has pollution geographic environment of residence.Toxic for our body carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of oil and coal.Its main "suppliers" are oil refineries and steel mills, as well as transport.Man suffers from heavy metals accumulated along the roads.These include lead, which gives hemoglobin synthesis, brain and kidney function.Nickel cadmium and contribute to the emergence of cancer.
