Bacteria are the causative agents of any disease?

There are five major kingdoms of nature, the representatives of which are subject to scrutiny for many centuries.It:

• animals;
• plants;
• mushrooms;
• bacteria or prokaryotes;
• viruses.

If the animals, plants and fungi have been known to people since the most primordial times, the study of viruses and bacteria, a person engaged in recently.Too small size of these organisms have to be able to study the naked eye.That is why they have been so long hidden from the prying eyes of humanity.

known that they did not play a positive role only.Here we will try to sort out the question of whether bacteria are pathogens which diseases and how all arranged and these creatures live.

Who are prokaryotes?

all living beings on our planet have common in the structure - they are composed of cells.True, part of a single, the other part - multicellular.Speaking of the multicellular animals, then all uniformly.Each body has drawn up in the cells of the core.But when it comes to single-celled organism, such unity is no longer, as they are divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

eukaryotes are all living beings whose cells have the hereditary material, fixed in the kernel.For prokaryotes - such unicellular organisms in which the DNA is distributed freely, is not limited to the nuclear envelope, and therefore has no core in general.These creatures usually referred:

• blue-green algae;
• cyanobacteria;
• archaea;
• bacteria.

Initially, only those organisms lived on the planet.But gradually it came to the appearance of the evolution of eukaryotic multicellular organisms, which remained within prokaryotic cells.Then they united together and entering into a symbiotic relationship became a beautiful, strong, and resistant to environmental conditions the body, ready to reproduce and increase in numbers, evolution.

proof of this theory are those non-nuclear cell organelles multicellular as mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts).

But, unfortunately, many of the prokaryotic cells are not as harmless to plants, animals and people, as those who remained to live within them.They got the modern name of the bacteria or germs, and began to live an independent life, causing a lot of trouble for the highly organized creatures.

There are many diseases associated with bacteria, their livelihoods.And not only the person has, but also the representatives of all the other kingdoms of nature.

short history of opening

Bacteria have been around for more than 3.5 billion years.During this time, their structure has not changed.The only thing that was new in their lives is their reputation for a person.

How did the discovery of these organisms?Consider the stages.

1. The ancient Greek scientist Aristotle said that there are invisible beings who live all around, including in humans.They can cause disease.
2. 1546 - Italian physician Girolamo Frakostoro suggested that human diseases are caused by micro-organisms, microbes.However, to prove it could not and remained unheard.
3. 1676 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek studied slice of cork under the microscope invented his own (the first microscope of its production was very big and looked like a collection of several raznoraspolozhennyh mirrors, he gave an increase of more than a hundred times).As a result, he was able to see the cells that make up the tree bark.As well as looking at a drop of water, he considered the many tiny organisms that lived in this drop.These were the bacteria, which he gave the name "animalkuli."
4. 1840 - German physician Jakob Henle brings a completely correct hypothesis about the effects on human pathogens, ie that the bacteria - pathogens.
5. 1862 - French chemist Louis Pasteur as a result of repeated experiments proved the presence of microbial life in all environments, objects, organisms.Thus, he confirmed the hypothesis Hyun-le, and it has already become a theory, called the "germ theory of disease."For his work, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize.
6. 1877 - Robert Koch introduces into practice the method of staining bacteria cultures.
7. 1884 - Hans Gram, a doctor.To him belongs the credit division of these creatures in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative, depending on the type of reaction to the dye.
8. 1880 - Karg Ebert has identified the cause of typhoid - action rod-shaped bacteria.
9. 1882 - Robert Koch identifies the tubercle bacillus.
10. 1897 - Japanese physician Kie-shi Shiga discovered the cause of dysentery
11. 1897 - Bernhard Bang established the fact that there are bacterial pathogens of animals, causing them abortions.

Thus, the development of knowledge about bacteria and diseases caused by them, gaining rapid momentum.And today already described more than 10 thousand representatives of various prokaryotes.However, predictions of scientists say that in the world there are more than a million of their species.

sciences prokaryotes

bacteria as the causative agents of infectious diseases has always been interested in science, because knowledge of them can solve many health problems not only humans, but also animals and plants.Thus was formed a few science that deals with the study of this issue.

1. Microbiology - general science that studies all the microscopic organisms, including bacteria.
2. Bacteriology - the science concerned with the study of microbes, bacteria, their diversity, lifestyles, distribution and influence on the world around us.
3. Sanitary microbiology - exploring preventive measures for the development of bacterial diseases in humans.
4. Veterinary Microbiology - examines the causative bacteria of infectious diseases in animals, remedies, treatment, prevention of infection.
5. Medical Microbiology - examines the impact of bacteria on the lives of all living beings in terms of medicine.

addition to bacterial cells there are single-celled organisms are protozoa pathogens in humans, animals and plants.For example, the amoeba, malaria parasites, trypanosomes, and so on.It also objects of study Medical Microbiology.

What are bacteria?

There are two bases for the classification of bacterial cells.First built on the principle of the separation of microbial cells varied in shape.So, on this basis allocate:

• cocci or spherical, spherical organisms.It also includes several varieties: diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, micrococci, sartsiny, tetrakokki.The amount of such representatives shall not exceed 1 m.It is to this group include most of those who are called "agents of human diseases."
• rods or rod-shaped bacteria.Variations in form all the cells: regular, pointed, club-shaped, vibrio, cut, curved, chain.These bacteria are pathogens.What kind of disease?Almost all infections known to man today.
• Crimped organisms.Divided into spirillae and spirochetes.Thin twisted helical structure, some of which are pathogenic microbes, and the other - representatives of normal microflora of the intestines of animals and humans.
• Branching bacteria - basically resemble rod-shaped, but in the end have ramifications varying degrees.These include bifidobacteria play a positive role in people's lives.

Another classification of bacterial cells based on current rates: RNA structure, biochemical and morphological properties with respect to coloring and so on.These features all bacteria can be classified into 23 types, each of which includes several classes, genus and species.

also possible to classify the microorganisms of the supply method, the type of breathing, the occupied environment and so on.Using bacteria

people

Use microorganisms people have learned since ancient times.On their side they were, of course, not deliberate use, but simply the acquisition of a profitable nature.Thus, for example, produced spirits, we are in the process of fermentation.

With time and understanding of the mechanism of life of these tiny creatures, man has learned to better apply them in their needs.There are several branches of the economy, which is closely intertwined with biology.Bacteria used:

1. In the food industry: baking confectionery and bread, wine, milk products and so on.
2. Chemical synthesis: bacteria produce amino acids, organic acids, proteins, vitamins, lipids, antibiotics, enzymes, pigments, nucleic acids, sugars and so on.
3. Medicine: drugs that restore the microflora of the internal environment, antibiotics and so on.
4. Agriculture: preparations for plant growth and treatment of animals, strains of bacteria which help to raise yields, milk yield and egg production, and so on.
5. Ecology: nefterazlagayuschie microorganisms processing organic and inorganic residues, cleaning the environment.

However, apart from the positive effects of the use of bacteria, people can not get rid of the negative ones.Because bacteria are pathogens of any human disease?The most difficult, dangerous and sometimes fatal.Therefore, their role in nature and human life dual.

germs: general characteristics

to pathogenic microbes include those that can cause tissue damage and internal organ systems in humans and animals.In its external and internal structure, they are no different from the beneficial bacteria: single-celled structure, covered with a dense shell (cell wall), outside dressed in mucic capsule protects against digestion in the host and from drying out.The genetic material is distributed within the cell as a chain molecule of DNA.Under adverse conditions, can form spores - fall into a state of torpor, in which vital processes are terminated before the resumption of favorable conditions.

Bacteria are the causative agents of disease any living beings?Those that are easily transmitted by airborne droplets, by direct contact or by contact with mucosal open skin.This means that pathogens can be called weapons of mass destruction.After all, they can cause the whole epidemic, pandemic, epizootic epiphytotics and so on.That is the disease, covering the whole country, which hurt and plants (epiphytotics), and animals (epizootic) and human (epidemic).

Unfortunately, not all types of human beings are studied in full.Therefore, there is no guarantee that at any moment there is not any infection, unknown people.This places a greater responsibility on microbiologists, medical researchers and virologists.

What diseases caused by bacteria?

There are many such diseases.This is not to single out only some general ones.Because bacteria can affect not only animals, but also plant tissues.Therefore, all the diseases that are caused by them, can be divided into several groups.

1. anthroponotic infections - those that are specific to humans, and possible contamination is strictly between them (human pathogens).Examples of diseases: typhoid, cholera, smallpox, measles, dysentery, diphtheria and others.
2. Zoonotic diseases - such infections that occur in animals, and that they carry in themselves, but in any way a person can be infected.For example, insect bites, or other animals, animals in contacts with the skin and the respiratory tract of man is transmitted bacterial spores.Diseases: glanders, anthrax, plague, tularemia, rabies, foot and mouth disease.
3. Epifitoznye infection - is a plant disease caused by bacteria.These include rot, gummy, tumors, burns, bacterial blight and other bacterial diseases.

consider human disease caused by bacteria.Those that are the most common.They brought in a lot of the past and present ills and troubles people.

Bacteria human

human diseases caused by bacteria, has always caused a lot of harm and damage to people's health.The most common and dangerous ones are the following:

1. plague - terrible word for residents mullion Ages and the Renaissance.The disease has claimed thousands of lives.Earlier sick plague was tantamount to death, it has not yet invented a method of vaccination and cure of this terrible infectious disease.Now the disease occurs in some tropical countries and is strictly zoonotic character.
2. Rozsa - a disease of animals, mostly pigs, chickens, lambs, horses.Transmitted to humans.Cause its bacteria whose names Erysipelothrix insidiosa.Fighting disease is simple, these pathogens are afraid of direct sunlight, high temperature and alkali.Currently, the disease is not very common.The emergence of foci depends on the conditions of the animals.
3. Diphtheria.A dangerous disease of the upper respiratory tract, giving a strong heart complications.Today is quite rare, as the vaccination is carried out in the early stages of child development.
4. Dysentery.Cause this disease is a bacterium Shigella names (Shigella).The source of infection are sick people who are able to transmit the infection to domestic, water or contact (through the mouth) by.The most susceptible are children.Ill with dysentery can be several times as immunity to the disease formed only temporary.
5. Tularemia - caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.Very tenacious, resistant to temperature, environmental conditions the infection.Treatment of complex, not fully developed.
6. Tuberculosis - called tubercle bacillus.The complex disease that affects the lungs and other organs.Curing systems are developed and widely practiced, but to completely eradicate disease remains elusive.
7. Whooping cough - an infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.It is characterized by the appearance of strong attacks of coughing.Vaccination in early childhood.
8. Syphilis - a very common infection is sexually transmitted.He called spirochete pathogen trypanosomes.It affects the sex organs, eyes, skin, central nervous system, bones and joints.Treatment with antibiotics, medicine known.
9. Gonorrhea - as well as syphilis, a disease of the XXI century.The spread of sexually antibiotics.Caused by bacteria - gonococci.
10. Tetanus - caused stick Clostridium tetani, which emits the strongest toxins in the human body.This leads to terrible spasms and uncontrolled muscle contractions.

Of course, there are other bacteria and human diseases.But listed the most common and serious.

Germs Allowed

The most common animal diseases that are caused by bacteria include:

• botulism;
• tetanus;
• pasteurellosis;
• colibacteriosis;
• bubonic plague;
• glanders;
• melioidosis;
• yersiniosis;
• vibriosis;
• actinomycosis;
• anthrax;
• FMD.

All of them cause certain bacteria.Diseases can be transmitted for the most part people are therefore extremely dangerous and serious.The main measures to prevent the spread of these diseases - is the content of the animals clean, careful care of them, limiting contact with sick.

Microbes plants

Among the harmful microbes that infect the root system and shoots of plants and thereby causing serious damage to agriculture, the most common are the following representatives:

• Mycobacteriaceae;
• Pseudomonadaceae;
• Bacteriaceae.

Plant diseases caused by bacteria that cause decay and death of the following parts of cultivated plants:

• roots;
• leaves;
• stalks;
• fruits;
• inflorescences;
• roots.