What is autonomy?This is a purely political term, or a phenomenon that can occur in many other areas?What are the signs of autonomy?
multiplicity of interpretations
term "autonomy" is very capacious.There is a philosophical interpretation of it - possession of an object of opportunities for independent existence.If on the contrary, we are dealing with a heteronomy, that is, the absence of signs of independence.There is a political interpretation of the term, when the Authority - an administrative (often even state) education is sovereign in relation to other subjects.There is a social understanding of this phenomenon - the independence of the person from others (individuals or social groups).There is also a psychological interpretation of the term, when personal development takes place without apparent influence of any factor.
autonomy - is usually the subject or phenomenon (state).An example of the first case - the national-cultural autonomy (institution designed to develop any ethnicity), for the second - territorial autonomy means independence of certain areas or regions from others.
Autonomy in a historical context
term "autonomy" in the political importance of history knows quite recently.He more or less became widely used only in the early twentieth century, active - after the Second World War.In Russia, however, the phenomenon of autonomy has been given special attention.Enough detail its essence has been studied in the Soviet time and practice to create government institutions.Autonomy existed, for example, as the subjects of the RSFSR.They are understood, but not sovereignty, but merely a political tool of expression of the sovereignty of ethnic groups.
in the RSFSR were political autonomy (the country), as well as administrative (regions, districts).The main feature was the first constitution of its own, and sometimes citizenship, the second - a broad mandate for the government.Such administrative division largely preserved in post-Soviet Russia.This historical experience predetermined the emergence of the term "national autonomy".This phenomenon in recent years has become a frequent subject of various political speculation - both in Russia and in the international arena.
Autonomy: Chinese Experience
example of state, managed to successfully combine within its borders several ethnic groups, many of which are quite similar to each other culturally and linguistically - China.According to the constitution, China is a multinational state.The Chinese government is determined 56 ethnic groups living in the country.The largest of them - the Han nationality.The rest of the names of the national minorities.They are endowed with certain rights in the area of ​​political self-government.
Where small ethnic groups live in compact groups in China, established local authorities.Relations between China and the Han ethnic minorities based on solidarity, equality, the unity of the country, and the effectiveness of economic development.Given the dynamics of GDP growth can be said that the pattern of national policy is successful.In many respects it is a merit of the ruling party of China - Communist.In the days of communism to the people of China and could not be aware of the phenomenon of autonomy, what it is.In compliance with the principles of local national interests based current administrative structure of the country.
political autonomy: the experience of different countries
autonomy - is, if we take the political context, the independence of territories within the state.This phenomenon is enshrined in law in numerous Western countries.Take, for example, Spain.As a part of this country has several autonomous entities - the Basque Country, Andalusia, or, say, Catalonia.There are examples of such areas in France (Corsica).In Finland, the Aland Islands are endowed with autonomy.
very good example - Greenland, which de jure belongs to Denmark, but the de facto exercise rather an independent government.The same is true for the Faroe Islands.This archipelago, as well as de jure part of Denmark has, for example, its own football team.Principles of data management education in Europe are universal enough: these regions independently solve problems in the field of social development and education.In the autonomous regions created by the developed countries, the powers of the supreme bodies of state power are greatly reduced.
autonomy in unitary states
There are several basic types of political systems - a federation, confederation and unitary state.In the past the existence of autonomy, as some political scientists, may be complicated by the lack of demarcation of administrative boundaries.However, the basis for giving in some areas additional powers could be, for example, the ethnicity of citizens living there.The main task of the state to create such autonomy - to give developing nations in their familiar cultural environment, to communicate in their native language, to lead a life in accordance with national traditions.There are many unitary states, where he successfully implemented the principles of self-government of ethnic groups in China, Spain, France, Finland, Northern Ireland, Italy, Azerbaijan.
origin of autonomies in Russia
administrative-political system of modern Russia gives a sufficiently large part of the terms of reference of significant subjects of the federation (making them, in fact, autonomy).The first attempts to create such territorial units in our country have been applied immediately after the 1917 revolution.He coined the term "national-territorial autonomy."This phenomenon is understood as a way of self-government in those parts of the country, where he attended a special ethnic composition of the population having distinct from other nations, cultures, principles of conduct of life, the language.There
projects implies the granting of national autonomies very broad powers within a federal state (take, for example, the Federation of the peoples of the Volga region or project Chuvash Republic).But in the end the authorities decided to stop granting individual formats signs of independence, the people of Russia, does not imply a full state sovereignty.
