Water (river) transport - this transport, which carries passengers and goods by vessels on waterways both natural origin (rivers, lakes) and artificial (reservoirs, canals).Its main advantage is low cost, making it an important place in the federal transportation system of the country, despite the seasonality and low speed.
Advantages and disadvantages
Russian River transport plays an important role in inter-regional and intra-transport in our country.Its advantages lie in the paths of natural origin, which are used in the arrangement of fewer costs than the construction of railways and highways.Cost of freight traffic on the waterways less than by rail.A higher productivity 35 percent.
However, river transport has a number of drawbacks - it is seasonal, low-speed movement, limitations of use, which is caused by the configuration of the water network.In addition, the major artery of our country flows from north to south and from south to north, and the main cargo flows have a latitudinal direction.
main highway
The construction of hydro cascades river Volga and Kama turned to deep-water pipe.Inter-basin connection Moscow-Volga, the White Sea-Baltic, the Volga-Baltic, the Volga-Don and Volga now account for Unified Deep Water System, the total length of which - 6.3 thousand kilometers.With the steady growth of the internal water transport in the eastern part of Russia is still the leading position held by the Volga-Kama basin.In its rivers account for more than fifty per cent of the transport of passengers and cargo.The main place in the basin of river transport took transport of building materials (60 percent).Their transportation is carried out in both directions, it is mostly intra-character.
What are transported by waterways Russia?
River transport on these arteries generally delivers forests, both on board ships and the old in the flesh, by the alloy.On the Volga Kama transported Siberian forest, and the Volga-Baltic Waterway - wood Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions, Karelia for the areas of the North Caucasus and the Volga region.River transport in Moscow is involved in timber transportation on same channel in the Moscow region and Moscow.Ports Volga and Kama in the Kuznetsk coal basin is transported, and then it is transported by waterways to power stations.In addition, prominence is the delivery of salt - with Baskunchan salt pans up the Volga to the ports of the Volga region, the Urals, the Centre, on the northwest of the enterprise fishing industry and for export.In addition, up the Volga directed agricultural products (melons) of Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the fish from the Caspian Sea, as well as chemicals from the Volga region and the Urals.In both directions transported oil products and oil, grain cargoes.
Main directions
River transport is particularly well developed in the Russian Volga-Kama basin, for the Kama and its tributaries - Vyatka and Belaya - is essential in relations with the North Urals, West, Central, Volga region.At Kame down trafficked mainly corn, wood, oil, chemical goods, construction mineral materials.In the reverse direction is conveyed coal, cement, and wood.In the upper reaches of the Kama cargo considerably less.In addition, the Volga-Don Canal contributed to an increase in bulk cargo on the Volga.Thanks to him, from the areas that are adjacent to the Don, the Volga transported grain, coal, melons, industrial products and other goods.In the opposite direction - cement, iron ore, timber, chemical products.All this carries river transport.Samara, as well as other cities in the Middle Volga, is a major consumer of these products.An important role in the development of transportation play a waterway connection with the basin of the North-West area, as well as with other states of the Baltic Sea through the Volga-Baltic way.Through him, in a southerly direction transported apatite concentrate, ore, construction materials, wood, and to the north - chemical cargoes, grain, coal and oil products.
Passenger
in the Volga-Kama basin focused and main passenger flows.Any river station will offer citizens a variety of local, transit, urban and suburban areas.Passenger vessels are widely used in the organization of tourism and recreation.The longest lines are in transit from Moscow to Astrakhan, Perm, Rostov and Ufa.The largest river station is in the Russian capital.In the Volga-Vyatka basin of the largest river ports are Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Moscow, Perm, Astrakhan, Kazan, Yaroslavl.
northwesterly direction
River has long served as a central transport communications of the North-Western and Northern economic regions.In the European part of the main waterways for transportation of goods is the Northern Dvina River and its tributaries and Sukhona Vychegda, Pechora, Mezen, and the North-West - Svir, Neva and the White Sea-Baltic Canal.In northern waterways held a powerful stream of mineral construction materials and oil, forests, as well as grain and coal.The main port is the Naryan-Mar, Pechora, Mezen Arkhangelsk, Kotlas.
Northwest Pool delivers to the south of the forest and iron ore from Karelia, apatite concentrate from the Kola Peninsula.In the opposite direction - industrial products, grains, salt, and mineral oil.A transit point for various commodities are Volkhov, Petrozavodsk and St. Petersburg.From Moscow and Upper Volga region arranged permanent passenger line.Well developed here and the local routes, especially became apparent with the number of high-speed vessels.
Eastern direction
In the east, Russia in the first place takes transportation issues Ob-Irtysh basin in Western Siberia.River transport is contributed to the development of oil and gas resources, as well as forests.Of the main transport transshipment nodes (Tobolsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk) on the Irtysh and Ob receives coal, drilling equipment and pipes, building materials, food and industrial goods in the areas of oil and gas fields of the Tyumen region.Delivery of goods to the hinterland of the continent is carried out by the Northern Sea Route, followed by reloading in the mouths of the Taz, Pur and Ob river vessels.Most of the traffic falls on the wood that goes to the rafts in the river port of Asino.Then it is transported on ships in the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk.More than a quarter of deliveries along the Irtysh and Ob make building materials that come from the southern regions to the north, in the areas of oil and gas industry.In addition, the great importance of river transport in the carriage of grain cargoes, salt, coal and oil products.
on Obi, along with the ancient ports of Barnaul and Novosibirsk, the important role played by ports that have arisen in connection with the creation of industrial centers - Surgut Ob Labytnangi, Salekhard.
Yenisei and Angara
Yenisei River transport links the southern part of Eastern Siberia to the Arctic regions.Here the forest transportation reach two-thirds of the total turnover of the Yenisei.Furthermore, the river is transported grain, oil, coal and mineral construction materials.Upper Yenisei, from Minusinsk to Krasnoyarsk, characterized by a predominance of freight flow downstream, the main place is occupied by the grain.
mouth of Angara: here comes the main part of the forest, separates the flow of goods on the Yenisei.The main part is directed upward, and from the mouth and up to Dixon - down the river.In addition to the forest, a significant position occupied by transportation of building materials and mineral coal.The main ports are Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Dudinka, Igarka, and on the Angara - Makarievo, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ust-Ilim.
Lena and Amur
On Lena begins shipping from the port of sturgeon and carried out to the river delta.Here, in addition to domestic goods delivered goods which come from the railway - from Tiksi Bay Sturgeon.Two thirds of the traffic up coal and construction materials, and the rest - the forest and oil.Most of them comes from the top down.Cargo operations are carried out in ports Kirensk sturgeon, Yakutsk, Vitim.
the Far East, a large transport importance of the Amur and its tributaries Zeya and Bureya.The main cargoes are grain, salt, metal, coal, timber, oil and fish.Major ports - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk.In these areas, due to underdeveloped communications infrastructure, land river transport is important in the transport of passengers.
Maritime transport
main importance of maritime transport lies in the fact that it provides a very significant part of Russia's foreign trade.Cabotage is only essential to supply the eastern and northern coasts of the country.The turnover of goods for maritime transport is eight percent.This is achieved as a result of the long distance traffic - about 4.5 thousand kilometers.Transportation of passengers in maritime transport are negligible.
problems of sea transport Russia
Globally, marine transport of cargo turnover ranks first, standing out lower-cost cargo deliveries.In the Russian Federation it is developed is relatively weak, it is because the main economic centers of the country far removed from seaports.In addition, most of the seas that surround the territory of Russia are freezing.This significantly increases the cost of using this mode of transport.Another problem is the very outdated fleet of our country.For example, sea and river transport in Russia was built over twenty years ago, that is not acceptable by international standards, such ships should be written off.In the domestic fleet virtually no modern types of ships: container ship, container, gas, vessels with horizontal loading-unloading and others.Prior to joining the Crimea, Russia was only eleven major seaports, but it is not enough for such a big country.As a result, about half of the goods coming by sea, serving the foreign ports.This is mainly the former Soviet republics: Ukraine (Odessa), Latvia (Ventspils), Estonia (Tallinn), Lithuania (Klaipeda).Using sea transport shipping units of other states, and contributes to greater financial losses.If the Black Sea ports with the situation is more or less solved, on the Baltic coast is building a new port.
