Each country builds its own system of national economy.Authorities are trying to make the economy competitive and to fulfill social obligations to citizens.There are models of the market, mixed economy, there is a purely command-administrative format of state intervention in economic processes.What are the features of each of them?How very different principles of economic development in Western countries?
What are the economic model
economies of the world are working in the various models.Criteria for determining the properties of each of them, quite a lot.In the modern scientific community popular two - the predominant form of ownership of the resources that underlie economic development, and coordination mechanisms of economic entities.Based on these two criteria, allocate several groups of economic models.Here they are.
1. Models of the command economy
characterized by a predominance of state ownership on economic resources.The activities of economic entities based on the administrative-command directives issued by the authorities.Key mechanisms that determine what to produce, how to allocate, and through which channels to exchange forms the government.The command economy of the USSR was considered.Of the existing countries such model has, according to some experts, North Korea.
2. ECONOMIC MODEL
characterized by the fact that the resources for the most part represented by private property, there is freedom of pricing.The state does not affect the key economic processes and do not actively participate in the allocation of any resources.
3. mixed economy model
The researchers note that the market or the command model in its pure form are rare today.Anyway, the state intervenes in the affairs of business in virtually every country that actively promotes the values of the free market.In turn, even in North Korea is a place, though illegal, but still showing signs of the private business.
models of a mixed economy today, according to experts - the most common in the world.The only question is how big and what characterized the role of the state in the economic system of a given country.In addition, in some cases, great importance is not so much the degree of government interference in business affairs as the political regime.
What is a mixed economy
Before exploring the model of a mixed economy in different countries, study the general characteristics of this kind of economic systems.The main criterion here - that the role of government and the private sector is equally important.Also present in comparable proportions of both ownership.However, the basic economic mechanism is still determined by the market.The state supplements them through changes in the regulatory legislation.
What is the feasibility of government interference in the affairs of the market?Why not let business to float freely?Some economists attribute this to the fact that in a pure market, there is a risk that a significant portion of the citizens will be socially vulnerable, they can not find work.And it is not for the benefit of private businesses, many of which need customer's solvency.It would be better if someone provides them with income (let it be state-owned enterprises), and the market is expanding at the same time.There is a version that works in a similar way the Russian model of a mixed economy.In her country, providing employment to millions of people in the public sector, which has little to do with entrepreneurship and the free market, stimulate their purchasing power, thereby functioning, in turn, "friendly" businesses, such as retail, fast food, automotive retail.
Another point of view on the role of government in a mixed economy based on free pricing issues.The fact that the market in pure form is very speculative.Many of his players are not able to agree on a moderate policy in terms of the increase in selling prices, and if they show such initiatives, it is usually with the aim of collusion against competitors, resulting in accelerated inflation (as was the case in Russia in the early 90-x, and in many other countries of the former socialist bloc).As a result, the economy plunges into a crisis.The state through the judicious intervention in the market can regulate the course of pricing, which may help slow inflation.
basic concept of a mixed economy
Consider what are the main model of a mixed economy in terms of their fundamental nature.Experts are the following.
1. Neoetatistskaya model
Its main feature - the nationalization of key industries, as well as the impact on the market, so that the possibility of individual players were about the same.In some cases, economic policies include antitrust mechanisms.
2. The neo-liberal model
are less state intervention in the affairs of the market than at neoetatistskom scenario.Authorities are trying to influence the quality of the functioning of economic institutions, but not very competitive process.However antimonopoly component may also be involved - to protect the free competition.
3. Model concerted action
In its basis - the principle of a compromise between the various actors in the economic process - business, government, society (often in the face of trade union).It is characterized by relatively high taxes (generally higher than in those countries where the practice of the neoliberal model) are often calculated according to a progressive scale.The ultimate goal of the authorities - the acquisition of resources to maintain equal social status of citizens.
These are the most common model of a mixed economy.Of course, as the natural course of economic processes priorities in different countries may vary.National models of a mixed economy, according to experts, tend to evolve to adapt to the socio-political reality, the external environment, technological development, the emergence of new markets.
Features of functioning of the mixed economy
how the mechanism of a mixed economy in practice?How is the work of economic systems of the countries where they are utilized?Experts, taking into account the fact that the national model of a mixed economy in different countries may have particular suggest that may still be present for some common signs of economic systems of this type.The most versatile for mixed economies of different countries, a mechanism called following.
1. The bulk of industrial products made by large corporations, which, however, compete with each other.Thus economic processes, on one hand, does not spread on the other - there is no monopoly, no player of the market, which would be formed for all rules.Ownership of such enterprises principle does not matter - even if it is not a state, the business somehow responsible to the authorities by virtue of obligations to pay taxes or contributions to retirement accounts.
2. The legislation is largely socially oriented.For example, a factory worker, as a rule, you can not just dismiss or reduce his salary compared to that registered in the contract.Thus, the law encourages the maintenance of the purchasing power of citizens.
3. High standardization and security of payment procedures, as well as those that provide protection contracts (usually a well-developed judicial system).The state in this case takes on the part of the commitment to ensure the stable operation of the business, requiring, in particular, on the banks of the strict correctness in the implementation of settlement procedures.The judicial branch of government, in turn, guarantees assistance to entrepreneurs in resolving the difficulties in the legal field.State and business svogo sign a social contract: the first party provides security in a number of key mechanisms for entrepreneurs, the second is to "pay" for it through taxes and employment of citizens.
That these three traits are characterized, according to experts, all the basic model of a mixed economy, with all the possible differences between them in terms of sovereign national mechanisms for the implementation of economic policy.
How did the mixed economy?
interesting fact is that the "progressive", according to many experts, the market model appeared before mixed.It so happened that at the beginning of the twentieth century "pure market" in the form of capitalism without significant state interference was not as effective as expected subjects of economic relations.The market became regulated by the authorities.In this attempt to deviate from this model and return to the "pure market" began, as many experts believe, cause of the crisis in the US in the early 30's.Economists have recognized that the optimal functioning of the economy should still imply a significant role for the state.Thus, a mixed model of national economic construction appeared in 30-40s.During the war of priorities were somewhat different due to the need to provide resource support armies, but after the Second World Western countries began to implement the principles of a mixed economy has been particularly active.Today's business models in these countries - the result of the progressive implementation of the principles, providing a compromise between private and public capital.
mixed economy in the United States
How to operate in different countries, the model of a mixed economy?Let us briefly consider the relevant features of the example of the most powerful economic powers.Let's start with the United States.The American model of a mixed economy, as many experts believe, is characterized by minimal state intervention in economic processes.The respective type of property is a relatively small role compared to private.The leading role in the US economy plays a non-state capital, but its direction is governed by the authorities - through the publication of laws related to reporting, social obligations, payment of taxes and other charges.The role of the authorities in the US economy may be noticeable in the segment of public contracts, mainly defense and scientific nature.As is known, the US military budget - more than 500 billion dollars.
Many economists believe that the US model of a mixed economy aimed at stimulating civic entrepreneurship.In practice, this can be expressed in the minimum amount formalities for starting a business.Also, measures of social support for low-income groups of Americans are not of such magnitude as in many other Western countries.Unemployment benefits and can provide except that the minimum requirements under the prices, which are present in the United States.Therefore, citizens and seek to find a job or own business.
model of a mixed economy in Germany
The German model is characterized by a mixed economy?Experts call it the main characteristic as time expressed social orientation.And it distinguishes Germans from the Americans.The same benefits in Germany provide a decent standard of living.German authorities are trying to build a regulation of the economy, so that was a compromise between the priorities of business and society.On the one hand, companies need to be efficient, promote the growth of GDP and the economy as a whole.On the other - social justice must be ensured.
German model of a mixed economy has the following characteristics.
Firstly, it is a fair competitive environment.Each subject of the economic process, based on the policy of the authorities of Germany, should have equal opportunities to realize their entrepreneurial potential.
Secondly, the German model of a mixed economy implies an equitable distribution of income.This can be expressed as in the promotion of business to building a balanced tariff schedules in terms of payroll positions, and, for example, in the direct participation of the state in the lining of the social situation of citizens who are paid differently.In particular, through the provision of housing benefits, support, insurance and education.
Japanese model
Japanese model of a mixed economy is very specific.First of all, it is worth noting that there are strong national traditions, whose influence can be traced in many parts of the economic process.This specificity of the relationship management and subordinate it and still maintain the aspect of heredity in the profession and the choice of the enterprise that are running.Another feature, which is characterized by the Japanese model of a mixed economy - is much more pronounced than, say, in the US state intervention in economic processes.This is expressed most strongly in the definition of the key vectors of development of the national economy, the principles of interaction with foreign players.An important role in the Japanese economy is playing the same social justice.
Swedish concept
Consider what the Swedish model is characterized by a mixed economy.Experts believe that the company built in Sweden, close to the characteristics of a typical socialist ideals.Measures of financial and material support is guaranteed almost all categories of citizens, regardless of the presence or absence of work experience, profession.There's even a term "Scandinavian socialism".Of course, in the framework of a model of the economy on businesses bear a significant tax burden.
Instead, however, it gets customers with guaranteed high purchasing power, as well as security - in terms of bank payments and fair trials, what we said above, listing the aspects of "social partnership" between government and business.However, among the economists are of the opinion that the Swedish model of a mixed economy is too large "socialist" deviation.Many companies becomes difficult to conduct business in the face of fierce tax burden.
Chinese model
consider how the market is functioning economic system communist country.How is that possible despite the fact that in the USSR everything was controlled by the state?How does the Chinese model of a mixed economy?
The fact is that, since the 70s, the Communist Party of China decided to open the domestic economy to foreign investors in order to use the huge production potential.There were liberalized laws concerning the opening of branches of foreign corporations.But the political system remains unchanged.Foreigners attracted the cheapness of human resources in China, and they are willing to invest in the communist state, has decided to open itself to the market.As a result, China today - one of the leading industrial powers.At the same time, due to the fact that the political regime has not changed, the Chinese authorities have the ability to command and administrative methods to use this resource as they see fit.For example, use it to improve the living standards of citizens, their social protection.Which now, as recognized by many experts, is not very high.
is also worth noting that China's well-developed small business institute.Many Chinese open albeit small, but revenue-generating outlets, restaurants, transport companies.It turns out that communism in China there is a highly developed capitalism.
comparing models
try to "visualize" the above model of a mixed economy.Comparison Table of national concepts may look like.Ratings, of course, very relative, but a general idea about the features of the economic systems of the countries we will be.
