Biology - one of the most ambitious and large-scale science in the modern world.It includes a number of different sciences and partitions, each of which deals with the study of certain mechanisms in living systems, their livelihoods, structure, molecular structure, and so on.
One such science is precisely the interesting and very old, but still current science of anatomy.
What studies
Anatomy - the science that studies the internal structure and morphological features of the human body and human development in the course of phylogeny, ontogeny and anthropogenesis.
Anatomy is a subject of study:
- form of the human body and all its organs;
- structure of organs and body;
- origin people;
- individual development of each organism (ontogeny).
object of this science is the human person and all its existing external and internal features of the structure.
Anatomy as science itself has developed for a long time, as interest in the structure and functioning of the internal organs was relevant to humans at all times.However, modern anatomy includes a number of related areas of biological science that is closely associated with it, and are considered to be generally complex.These are the topics of anatomy as:
- systematic anatomy.
- topographic or surgical.
- dynamic.
- Plastic.
- age.
- Comparison.
- Pathological.
- Clinical.
Thus, human anatomy - the science that studies everything that somehow concerns the structure of the human body and its physiological processes.In addition, this science is closely related and interacts with such spin-off from her and became an independent science as:
- anthropology - the doctrine of man as such, his position in the organic world and interaction with society and the environment.Social and biological characteristics of the human being, consciousness, psyche, character and behavior.
- Physiology - the science of all the processes that take place inside the human body (the mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness, inhibition and excitation, nerve impulses and their conduct, humoral and neural regulation, and so on).
- Comparative anatomy - deals with the study of embryonic development and structure of various organs, as well as their systems, while comparing the embryos of animals of different classes of taxa.
- evolutionary doctrine - the doctrine of the origin and development of man from the time of the appearance of the world to the present day (phylogeny), as well as proof of the unity of the entire biomass of the planet.
- Genetics - the study of the human genetic code, the mechanisms of storage and transmission of genetic information from generation to generation.
As a result, we see that the human anatomy - is a completely harmonious complex combination of many sciences.Through their work the people know very much about the human body and all its mechanisms.
history of anatomy
anatomy finds its roots in ancient times.After all, from the appearance of man he was interested to know what is inside him why, if you get hurt, there is blood, what it is, why a person breathes, sleeps, eats.All these issues are of old haunted many members of the human race.
However, their answers did not come immediately.It took more than a century to accumulate a sufficient number of theoretical and practical knowledge and give a full and detailed response to most questions about the work of the human body.
history of anatomy is conditionally divided into three main periods:
- anatomy of the ancient world;
- anatomy of the Middle Ages;
- new time.
consider each step in detail.
Ancient World
peoples who became the founders of the science of anatomy, the first people interested in describing the structure and internal organs - is the ancient Greeks, Romans, Egyptians and Persians.The representatives of these civilizations gave rise to both the science of anatomy, comparative anatomy and embryology and evolution, and psychology.A closer look at their contributions in the form of a table.
| Timeframe | Scientist | Opening (contribution) |
| Ancient Egypt and Ancient China XXX - III centuries.BC.e. | physician Imhotep | first described the brain, heart, blood flow through the vessels.His discoveries are made on the basis of autopsy of corpses in the mummification of pharaohs. |
| Chinese book "Neytszin" | described human organs such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, heart, stomach, skin, brain. | |
| Indian scriptures "Ayurveda" | fairly detailed description of the muscles of the human body, describing the brain, spinal cord and the channel identified types of temperaments, described types of figures (Con). | |
| Ancient Rome 300-130 years.BC.e. | Gerofil | first who dissected corpses to study the structure of the body.Created descriptive and morphological work "anatomist".It is considered the parent science of anatomy. |
| Erasistratus | believes that everything is made up of small particles rather than from liquids.He studied the nervous system, revealing the bodies of criminals. | |
| doctor Rufio | described by many authorities and gave them the name, studied the optic nerves, had a direct relationship of the brain and nerves. | |
| Marin | Created description palatal, hearing, voice and facial nerves, certain parts of the gastrointestinal tract.Total wrote about 20 essays, the originals of which have not survived. | |
| Galen | created more than 400 works, 83 of which were devoted to the descriptive and comparative anatomy.He studied the wound and the internal structure of the body on the corpses of gladiators and animals.In his works about 13 centuries trained doctors.The main problem was in the theological views on medicine. | |
| Celsus | Introduced medical terminology, he invented the ligature dressings for vascular studies and describes the basics of pathology, diet, hygiene, surgery. | |
| Persia (908-1037 gg.) | Avicenna | The human body is controlled by four main organs: heart, testis, liver and brain.He created a lot of work "Canon of Medicine". |
| Ancient Greece VIII-III century.BC.e. | Euripides | on animals and cadavers of criminals managed to examine the hepatic portal vein, and describe it. |
| Anaxagoras | described the lateral ventricles of the brain | |
| Aristophanes | opened by the presence of two of the meninges | |
| Empedocles | Described ear labyrinth | |
| Alcmaeon | Described ear tube and the optic nerve | |
| Diogenes | describe many organs and parts of the circulatory system | |
| Hippocrates | created the doctrine of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black as the four pillars of human body fluids.The great doctor, his works are still.Recognised observation and experience, he denies theology. | |
| Aristotle | 400 works from various fields of biology, including anatomy.Created a lot of papers, he considered the basis of all living soul, spoke about the similarities of all animals.To conclude that the hierarchy of the origin of animals and humans. |
Middle Ages
This period was characterized by economic chaos and decline in the development of any whatsoever of Sciences, as well as the domination of the church, which forbade an autopsy, investigation and study of the anatomy of animals, it is considered a sin.Therefore, significant changes and discoveries at this time were made.
But the Renaissance, on the other hand, gave a lot of impetus to modern medicine and anatomy.The main contribution was made by three scientists:
- Leonardo da Vinci.It can be considered the founder of plastic anatomy.His artistic talents for the benefit of applied anatomy, has created more than 700 paintings, accurately depicting the muscles of the skeleton.Anatomy of the topography and show them clearly and correctly.To work doing the autopsy.
- James Silvius.Teacher of many anatomists of his modernity.He opened the furrows in the structure of the brain.
- Andeas Vesalius.A very talented doctor who has spent many years studying anatomy thoroughly.His observations were based on autopsy, many of the bones found in the cemetery of the collected materials.The work of his life - the seven-volume book, "On the structure of the human body."His works have caused opposition among the masses, as in his understanding of the anatomy - it is a science that needs to be studied in practice.This was contrary to the works of Galen, who were at that time is at a premium.
- William Harvey.His main work was the treatise "The anatomical study of the motion of the heart and blood in animals."He first proved that blood moves in a vicious circle of blood vessels, from large to small through tiny tubes.Also, it belongs to the first statement that every animal develops from an egg in the process of its development follows the historical development of all living things in general (modern biogenetic law).
- Fallopian, Eustace, Willis, Glisson, Azelli, Peke, Bertolini - the names of the scientists of the era, who gave his work a complete picture of what is human anatomy.This is an invaluable contribution, which gave rise to the modern start in the development of this science.
New time
This period refers to the XIX - XX centuries and is characterized by a number of very important discoveries.All of them could be made thanks to the invention of the microscope.Marcello Malpighi supplemented and substantiated almost what once predicted Harvey - the presence of capillaries.Scientific Shymlanskaya confirmed that his work, as well as proven and cyclical closure of the circulatory system.
also allowed a number of discoveries reveal more detail the concept of "Anatomy".These were the following works:
- Luigi Galvani.This person has made an enormous contribution to the development of physics as discovered electricity.However, he managed to examine the presence of electrical impulses in animal tissues.So he became the founder of electrophysiology.
- Caspar Wolf.Refuted the theory of preformation, it claims that all bodies exist in a reduced form in the germ cells, and then just grow.He became the founder of embryogenesis.
- Louis Pasteur.As a result of many years of experience proved the existence of bacteria.Developed methods of vaccination.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.He has made a great contribution to the theory of evolution.He first suggested that the man, like all living things, develops under the influence of the environment.
- Carl Baer.He opened the germ cell of the female body, described the germ layers and gave rise to the development of knowledge about the ontogenesis.
- Charles Darwin.He has made an enormous contribution to the development of evolutionary theory and explained the origin of man.He also demonstrated the unity of all life on the planet.
- Pirogov, Mechnikov, Sechenov, Pavlov, Botkin, Ukhtomsky, Burdenko - the names of Russian scientists of the XX-th century-the XIX, which gave a complete concept that anatomy - is a science, a comprehensive, multi-faceted and comprehensive.Their labor is required in many medical issues.They were the pioneers of the mechanisms of immunity, higher nervous activity, spinal cord and nervous regulation, as well as many of the issues of genetics.Severtsov was founded in the direction of anatomy - evolutionary morphology, which was based on the basis of biogenetic law (authors - Haeckel, Darwin, Kovalevsky, Behr, Muller).
His development of all these people, and the anatomy is required.Biology - is a complex science, but the anatomy is the oldest and the most valuable of them, because it affects the most important - human health.
What clinical anatomy
Clinical anatomy - an intermediate section between topographic anatomy and surgery.It examines the structure of the overall plan of a particular organ.For example, in the case of the larynx, the doctor before the surgery need to know the overall situation of the organ in the body, with which it is associated, and how it interacts with other bodies.
Today Clinical anatomy is very widespread.You can often find expression Clinical anatomy of the nose, throat, throat or any other body.That clinical anatomy just tell you what components consists of the body, where it is located, what borders, what is the role, and so on.
Every medical specialist narrow profile knows full clinical anatomy of the body, is working on.This is the key to successful treatment.
Anatomy
Anatomy - a section of the science that deals with the study of human ontogenesis.That is, considering all the processes that accompany it from the moment of conception and the embryo stage until the end of the life cycle - death.Thus the main foundation for the age of anatomy and embryology is gerontology.
founder of this section anatomy can be considered Karl Bara.It was he who first suggested about the individual development of every living being.Later, this process was called ontogeny.
Anatomy provides insight into the mechanisms of aging, which is important for medicine.
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Anatomy - the science, whose main objective is to prove the unity of all life on the planet.Specifically, this science is comparing the embryos of different animal species (not only species, but also classes, taxa) and identify common patterns in development.
comparative anatomy and physiology - a closely related structure, studying a common question: how to look and function the embryos of different creatures in comparison with each other?
Pathological anatomy Pathological anatomy - is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of pathological processes in the cells and tissues of the human being.This makes it possible to study various diseases, view the effect of the current on the body and, accordingly, to find cures.
pathological anatomy following tasks:
- study the causes of various diseases in humans;
- consider mechanisms of their occurrence and course at the cellular level;
- identify all the possible complications of pathologies and variations outcome of disease;
- study the mechanisms of death from disease;
- examine the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the treatment of pathologies.
founder of the discipline is the Rudolf Virchow.That he created the cellular theory, talking about the development of diseases at the level of cells and tissues of the human body.
Topographic anatomy
Topographic anatomy - a scientific discipline, otherwise referred to as surgical.Its basis is the division of the human body in the anatomical regions, each of which is in a certain part of the body: head, torso or limbs.
The main objectives of this science are:
- detailed structure of each region;
- Syntopy bodies (their location relative to each other);
- connection of the skin (golotopiya);
- blood supply to each anatomical region;
- lymph flow;
- nervous regulation;
- skeletopy (relative to the skeleton).
All these problems are formed under the principles: study based on disease pathology, age and individual characteristics of the organism.
