retardation in psychology - a term that has become recently distributed as the opposite of the expression "acceleration."On the value it overlaps with infantilism.Retardation (delay, delay) suggest that the gap in time, you can catch up, while in many cases, some of its infantilism symptoms persist in adults.In addition, there is retardation of mental development and intelligence at infantilism is not affected.
meaning of the term "retardation»
Under retardation realize stable total delay of mental development due to various violations of intelligence between the ages of two to five years, ie during the period when the child is just being formed it.Thus, as a rule, it is not observed a progressive deterioration of cognitive functions.If mental disorders occur against the backdrop of the already formed speech and are progressive in nature, such violations in the development called dementia (dementia).
Acceleration
retardation as a reverse acceleration concept involves a delay or lag in development.Consequently, the acceleration - is accelerating the pace of growth and development in childhood and adolescence.Also here include a rapid increase in volume of the body of adults.Today are two types of acceleration: intra and landmark.The first - is accelerating the pace of development of some children and adolescents in certain age groups.Epochal acceleration is called rapid physical development of children today compared to previous generations.
acceleration
Causes To understand what a retardation, it is necessary to find out the causes of an opposite phenomenon, that is, to establish the biological mechanisms of acceleration.Conventionally, the causes of accelerated growth and development can be divided into three main groups:
1. Hypotheses physical and chemical nature. These include the theory of Koch, who believed that modern children are more heavily exposed to ultraviolet rays, which are the engine of growth.But still more common, confirmed by many researchers, is a hypothesis about the impact of industrial wastes on the growth of children.
2. hypothesis impact on the growth and development of the child's social environment , in particular, improve nutrition, health and conditions of urban life.According to the researchers, all of these factors may also stimulating impact on physical development.
3. hypothesis, according to which the acceleration - is the result of biological changes of cyclic heterosis and other phenomena. heterosis effect can be explained by the general population and migration of contemporary increase in the number of mixed marriages.Progeny while with each generation becoming more developed physically.
right to disagree with all three hypotheses, as many authors consider the cause of the acceleration of the impact of a number of factors, in this case at different times and in different places are fundamental different circumstances.
retardation: causes and factors.Overview
retardation in psychology - a slow physical development and the formation of functional systems during childhood and adolescence.At this stage of the study of this phenomenon, scientists have identified two main causes of retardation: genetic factors and organic disorders, congenital or acquired in the postnatal ontogenesis, as well as various social factors.
Hereditary retardants and social factor
mainly by the end of growth retardants are not far behind on this indicator from their peers, just the average values are achieved by one or two years later.If you take into account that the retardation in psychology - a slowdown in growth and development, to fully address the problem should be to determine the cause of this phenomenon.If the gap is due to hereditary factors, or after the disease, then usually there is a time delay of growth and recovery after the final growth rate accelerated, that is, the genetic program is being implemented over a shorter period.
negative impact on the growth and development of the child can have a social factor.And it's not so much the low material income as negative emotional climate in the family or in institutions.An established fact that children brought up in boarding schools, in orphanages, or a shortage of attention from parents behind in development for a year or two from their peers.
Cyclical
retardation in psychology - a little-studied phenomenon, but its very existence confirms the theory of cyclic change of epochs acceleration.According to scientists, in the last five years have seen a slowdown in the acceleration and retardation of development.What are the reasons there is such cyclicality, is unknown, but researchers attribute this to the following factors: a change in the climatic conditions on the planet, increasing the activity of the sun, with the quality of food and so on.All causes can be divided into exogenous (negative influence of the environment) and endogenous (acquired or congenital).
retardation is particularly important in determining whether a child is ready for school, because of its psycho-physiological maturation depends performance and the way relations develop with the same age.Very often, children with developmental delays are taught individually.Also worth noting is that the retardation and acceleration can be harmonious and inharmonious.That is, each child has an individual rate of growth and development.
