need for a specialized anti-aircraft missile complexes matured in the years of the Second World War, but the question in detail, scientists from different countries and gunsmiths started coming only in the 50s.The fact is that until then did not exist any means of control interceptor missiles.
So, the famous V-1 and V-2, which fired at London, in fact, is a huge and unruly pigs with explosives.The quality of their guidance was so low that the Germans could barely target them for major cities.Naturally, neither of which managed the interception of missiles or enemy aircraft out of the question.
Given the growing tensions with the United States in 1953 in our country began to rapidly develop the first air defense missile system.The situation is complicated by the fact that the actual combat experience with such systems was not at all.Saved the day Vietnam, where soldiers of the People's Army, led by Soviet instructors, gathered a lot of data, many of which have determined the development of the entire missile technology Union and Russia for years to come.
How it all began
should be noted that at that time in the Soviet Union have already passed field tests missile installation C-25, which was intended to create a reliable shield over all the cities of the country.Work on the new complex was launched for the simple reason that the C-25 turned out to be extremely expensive and limited mobility, which is not suited for the protection of military forces from missile attack potential enemy.
It was logical to define a line of work in which the new air defense missile system would be mobile.For this could be a little sacrifice efficiency and caliber.Execution of works was entrusted to the working staff of the KB-1.
To design for the newly created set of special missile within the company was formed a separate OKB-2, whose leadership was entrusted to the talented designer PD Grushin.It should be noted that the design of SAM scientists widely used operating time and did not follow in a series of S-25.
first anti-aircraft missile
new missile, which immediately received a new index B-750 (product 1D), was established by the classical scheme: it started with a standard propellant engine, and it led to the target liquid sustainer engine.However, because of the many problems associated with the complexity of the operation of power plants in the liquid anti-aircraft missiles, all subsequent schemes (including today) used exclusively for solid installation.
Flight tests were started in 1955, but completed only one year.Because just in those years there was a sharp increase in the activity of intelligence the US Air Force near our borders, all work on the complex, it was decided to accelerate several times.In August 1957, air defense missile system was aimed at field trials, where he showed his best side.In December, the C-75 was adopted.
specifications of
itself rocket launcher and controls it placed on chassis ZIS-151 or ZIL-157.The decision to choose the chassis was based on the reliability of this technique, its unpretentiousness and maintainability.
In the 70s began a program to modernize existing systems in service.Thus, the maximum speed of the targeted objectives was increased to 3600 km / h.In addition, from now on missiles could shoot down targets flying at an altitude of just a hundred meters.All subsequent years, anti-aircraft missile system S-75 is continuously upgraded.Combat experience
application was first received in Vietnam, when the Soviet instructors trained soldiers in the first days of use of the complex shot down 14 aircraft of Americans at a cost of only 18 missiles.In total during the conflict Vietnamese managed to hit 200 enemy aircraft.One of the pilots who were captured, was a well-known John McCain.
In our country, the complex "old man" was used up to the 90s, but in many of the Middle East conflict, and it is used to this day.
SAM "Wasp»
Despite actively pursued at the time the development of the S-75, in the early 50-ies in the USSR already had several theoretical models of mobile anti-aircraft missile systems."Theoretically" - due to the fact that their characteristics only with great difficulty can be considered sufficient for the more or less autonomous deployment and rapid deployment.
And because almost the same period, when the creation of the C-75, in parallel there was intensive work on the creation of a conceptually new and compact complex capable to provide reliable air cover regular military units, including flying combat missions in enemy territory.
result of this work was the "Wasp".SAM this turned out so successful that in many countries used to this day.
Development History
decision on the need to develop new weapons systems of this class was made February 9, 1959 in the form of a special resolution of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1960 the complex was officially named SAM "Wasp" and "Osa-M".They are supposed to equip a unified missile designed to destroy the relatively low flying targets, the rate of which was of the order of 500 m / s.
main requirement for the new complex was his greatest possible autonomy.This is due to the location of all of its parts in a single chassis, and many engineers and designers all agreed that it had to be tracked, with the possibility of overcoming water barriers by swimming and marshy terrain.
first tests have shown that a similar setup to create quite real.It was assumed that in the complex will include a stand-alone control, missile, which would be enough to destroy at least three goals, redundant power supplies, and more.Complexities has added that the machine should be placed in the An-12 freighter, with a full ammunition, and a crew of three.Probability of hitting each target should be at least 60%.It was assumed that the developer will be the NII-20 SERC.
Difficulties scare us ...
Constructors immediately faced with many problems.Worst of all was the engineers who are directly responsible for the development of missiles: the maximum weight of a given projectile was small (due to the very strict requirements to the size of the complex) and "cram" it had to be a lot.That only cost control and solid propellant boosters!
material incentives
With self-propelled and it was quite difficult.Shortly after the start of development was found that its mass is considerably greater than the maximum allowable parameters that were originally built into the project.Because of this, we decided to abandon the heavy machine gun and go to the engine in the 180 l / s, instead of the initially pledged a powerful unit with 220 l / s.
Not surprisingly, among the developers of real battles unfolded almost for every gram!Thus, over 200 grams of weight savings award a prize of 200 rubles, and 100 grams - 100 rubles.Developers even have to collect all of the possible locations of the old school furniture manufacturers, who were engaged in manufacturing miniature models of wood.
Price of each such "toys" is the cost of a huge cabinet of polished solid wood, but there was no other choice.In general, almost all anti-aircraft missiles Russian (and unions) have a long and arduous process of development.But the output is unique samples of weapons, and even old enough copies of the relevant still.
In addition, several times had to re-cast billet housing as magnesium and aluminum alloys give different shrinkage.
Only in 1971, 11 years after the start of development, anti-aircraft missile complex "Wasp" was adopted.He has proven so effective that the Israelites during numerous conflicts with the Arabs had to use a lot of jammers to protect their aircraft.These measures proved not to be particularly effective, and even interfered with their own pilots."Wasp" is in service to this day.
Compact - to the masses!
all good SAM: they have little time to deploy allow confidently hit combat aircraft and missiles.Here are just shortly after the adoption of the famous P-75 into service engineers met with a new problem: what to do simple soldier in the battle, when his position of "treated" helicopter gunships, or storm troopers?
course, a helicopter with some degree of success you can try to knock the RPG, but with such a stunt planes clearly would not pass.Then engineers began developing a portable anti-aircraft missile system.Like many domestic developments, this project turned out marvelously successful and effective.
How did the "Igla»
originally adopted SA adopted a set of "Arrow", but its performance is not too inspired military.Thus, the missile did not represent a serious danger to the well-armed attack aircraft, and the probability of tripping flares were prohibitively high.
Already in early 1971 issued a decree of the Central Committee, which ordered as soon as possible to create a portable anti-aircraft missile system, completely devoid of the shortcomings of its predecessor.In order to develop the employees were involved in the Kolomna KBM, LOMO companies, research institutes and CDB instrumentation engineering.
Per aspera ad astra
new complex that was once the symbol of the "Igla", planned to build from scratch, completely abandoning the direct borrowing from the construction of its predecessor, relying only on the experience of its application.Of course, with such strict requirements to make anti-aircraft missile system "IGLA" it was very, very difficult.So, the first tests were planned for 1973, but in fact their conduct was carried out only in 1980.
The foundation laid already developed by the time the missile 9M39, the highlight of which was a much improved system of homing in on the target.She was almost not subject to interference, and being extremely sensitive to the characteristics of the target.In many ways, this was due to the fact that the head of the photodetector before running cooled to a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius (capsules with liquid nitrogen).
Some specifications
suggestive receiver sensitivity is in the range 3.5-5 mm, which corresponds to the density of the exhaust gas turbine aircraft.The missile also has a second receiver, which is not cooled by liquid nitrogen, and therefore is used to detect heat traps.With this approach failed to get rid of the most serious flaws that characterized the precursor of the complex.Because of this, portable anti-aircraft missile system "Igla" was the most widely recognized in the armies of many countries.
To increase the probability of hitting the target, the engineers also equipped the rocket an extra ESP reversal.For this purpose, the steering compartment have been made to accommodate additional secondary propulsion motors.
Other characteristics missiles
The length of the new missile had a little more than half a meter, and it was equal to the diameter of 72 mm.Weight of the product was only 10.6 kg.The name of the complex derives from the fact that at the head of the rocket has a kind of needle.Contrary to the assumptions of the incompetent "experts", it's not a receiver for targeting and air splitter.
fact that the projectile travels at supersonic speeds, so these dividers are needed to improve manageability.Considering that the portable anti-aircraft missile system, which has a photo in the article is intended also for the defeat of modern combat aircraft of the enemy, this piece design is extremely important.
layout of this missile long determined the design of similar systems of domestic production.GOS system housed in the head portion, and after the steering compartment was filled with more and control equipment.Only then was a combat unit and solid-propellant motor.On the side of the rocket are located folding stabilizers.
total weight of explosives was 1.17 kg.Unlike their descendants anti-missile system "IGLA" used a powerful explosive.The maximum speed that gave solid-propellant motor - 600 m / s.The maximum range of the target of persecution is 5.2 km away.Chance of defeat - 0.63.
Currently on arms flows "Verba" - anti-aircraft missile system, which is the successor of the ideas embodied in his ancestor.
Armor our strong
Despite the deplorable state of our defense industry in the mid-90s, many of the Central Bank experts understood the urgent need to create a fundamentally new air defense system that would meet the spirit of the times.Many "strategic" then believed that grazed Soviet technology will suffice for decades, but the events in Yugoslavia showed that the old systems, though to cope with its task (knocking "invisible"), but for this it is necessary to provide a very well-trained specialists,potential is an old technique to reveal not.
And so in 1995 the public was demonstrated anti-aircraft missile complex "armor".Like many domestic developments in this area, it is based on the chassis of KAMAZ and "Ural".We can confidently hit targets at a distance of 12 kilometers at an altitude of 8 kilometers.
the missile has a weight of 20 kilograms.To destroy low-flying drones and helicopters of the enemy in the event of exhaustion of the reserve missiles are encouraged to use automatic twin 30mm cannon.A unique highlight "Brigandine" is that it can simultaneously direct automatic and run up to three missiles simultaneously reflecting enemy attacks from automatic guns.
In fact, until complete exhaustion of ammunition Machine creates around itself really an impermeable zone, to break through that very difficult.
more missiles - more goals!
Immediately after the creation of "Wasp" military thinking over what would be nice to be armed with a set crawler, but with greater weight and better booking.Of course, about the same time on the chassis "Tunguska" developed "Arrow".Anti-missile system that has been very good, but had a number of disadvantages.In particular, the military would like to receive a missile with a greater weight of the warhead and explosive, having great power.Furthermore, in order to increase the number of simultaneously induced and launched missiles could be somewhat sacrificed maneuverability.
So there was "Thor".Anti-aircraft missile system of this type has been based on the crawler and weighed 32 tons, so it was much easier for developers to implement it in the best and most proven units.
features targeted goals
at a distance of 7 km and a height of up to 6 km of "Thor" is easy to detect aircraft like the US F-15s.All modern UAVs are conducted from a distance of about 15 kilometers.Putting missiles - a semi-automatic, to a critical approach to the goal it is an operator on the ground, and then comes in automation.
By the way, almost the same characteristics possesses anti-aircraft missile complex "Buk", which was adopted at about the same period.
If the ground crew was killed by enemy fire immediately after the missile launch, possible interferences and fully automatic adjustment of the flight control system of the missile forces.In addition, fully automatic mode is activated when accompanied by and shooting multiple targets, which can be up to 48 pieces!
Shortly after adopting the engineers began to intensively modernize "Thor."Anti-aircraft missile system of a new generation was modified transport and loading vehicle, ensuring faster time replenishment of ammunition.
