concept criminology occupies an important place in the system of the scientific knowledge which form the basis of professional training of investigators and investigators, judges and prosecutors, operational officers and experts as well as lawyers.This discipline is developing and improving tactics, means and methods of investigation, detection and prevention of illegal actions.
story of
predictors of forensics has become a significant growth and professionalization of the crime that took place in Europe in the second half of the 19th century.Methods, techniques and tools to investigate criminal activities that have been established by that time, had no rigorous scientific study.In this regard the fight against qualitatively and quantitatively changed crime did not bring the desired effect.
history of criminology as a science began in the late 19th century.During this period, scientists from Austria - university professor in Prague and Graz Hans Gross - were systematically collected at the time the investigation of cognition.He also was the first work written in criminology.In 1892, the world saw the book.It was called "Guidelines for the forensic investigators as a system of criminology."This work and announced the birth of a new science.
Hans Gross himself has experience in investigative work.In addition, he knew many of the basics of science and engaged in microscopy and photography.In his book, the scientist revealed the very concept of criminology, the content and the challenges facing it.Gross also pointed to the possibility of applying for the investigation of scientific and technical equipment and developed some methods and techniques of investigation.
history of criminology in Russia dates back only to the 20th century.It was the first time have been carried out research in this area.Among them are works list Bura affecting the forensic examination of documents and photos.Notable works of Lebedev regarding fingerprinting and Brazol and Tregubova for investigative and criminal technique.
Necessity emergence of criminology
Crime existed for almost the entire history of humanity and has always been a serious problem that troubled the public opinion.By the end of the 19th century.are favorable factors for the increase in the number of criminal elements.These assumptions include the development of industrialization, social conditions, etc.But it is worth to say that organized crime is growing in every country only if the law enforcement bodies can not stand up for the legitimate interests of citizens.The investigation of unlawful acts committed by such groups, is very difficult.
By the end of the 19th century.criminals armed with new transport and technical facilities.The investigation of crimes committed by them beginning to confound law enforcement officers.This situation was observed in France, in Germany, in England and in the United States.That is why the governments of many countries there was a problem creating a branch of knowledge that can resist on the quality of the new crime.
main tasks of forensic science
works written Gross, gave into the hands of experts and investigators-proven and scientifically valid methods, techniques and means of disclosure, as well as prevention of the most difficult crimes.We can say that criminology - a discipline relating to the laws of the mechanism of illegal actions.It examines how to obtain the necessary information about the crime, as well as its participants.Highlights issues of criminology research patterns, use and evaluation of the evidence.
Forensics - a legal science.But while she applied nature.Common tasks of criminalistics - bring the activities of all bodies of jurisprudence on the level of scientific thought, to equip them to work with the most modern methods, means and techniques of search and cognitive activity.All this is necessary to achieve the main goal - to solve the crime.
fight against illegal actions is the main task of the science in question.However, it should be said that the forensics - this is not the partner of the judge or investigator.It is a tool given to them in the hands of you to establish the truth.
Special problems relating to criminology further study of the objective laws that form the basis of the subject matter of the discipline.These include:
- the development of theories as the basis of methods and means of judicial investigations, as well as to prevent illegal activities;
- improvement of existing and development of new technical tools, guidelines and tactics for the collection of research material, examination and use of evidence;
- the study and application of foreign experience of law enforcement agencies.
The implementation of general and specific tasks of criminalistics is possible only after the specific issues raised at some stage.Their volume is different.And to treat specific problems can not only to the theory of criminology.They are linked to other areas of knowledge, but also a scientific product.
development of criminology gave background to the emergence of more specific directions.At some point there were methods of disclosure and theft of public property of the state, on the application of the methods of physics in solving crimes, etc.
At the present stage of development of forensic science, there are also specific problems with practical content.They relate to the following:
- expanding volume of data logic and psychology, which are used in forensics;
- applications of cybernetics;
- developing research questions objects passing the examination;
- a technique that establishes the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of criminal acts.
Among the specific tasks of forensic science at the present stage of its development is the revision of the whole system of existing tactics and methods of classification of crimes, using the element of surprise in investigations, etc.
System Science
Any discipline is a whole set of parts having internal natural connections.The system includes four criminology section.Among them are the following:
- methodological (theoretical) framework;
- machinery forensic nature;
- criminalistics tactics;
- techniques relating to the investigation of certain types of illegal activities.
As regards the first section of forensic science, it is a set of theoretical concepts, philosophical principles, as well as the categories of relationships and methods of discipline.This part of the science includes the concepts that form an idea of the problems and the subject of discipline, about the laws of its development, and the place it occupies in the field of scientific knowledge.In this section there are also private theory.They reflect the result of the knowledge of the objective laws that are basic in the development of methods, techniques, tools and recommendations.They are used in the fight against crime.
second section of criminology studies the patterns that are a prerequisite to the formation of the material traces left by criminals.On the basis of this knowledge made the development of methods, tools and methods for detection, removal, and a preliminary study of these materials.
system of criminology and considering such a thing as a tactic.This is the third branch of science, which reflects the patterns of occurrence, transmission and preservation of the ideal trace the offender.It also examines the psychology of communication and relationships between people involved in the preliminary investigation.On this basis, and it produced a number of practical methods conducive to the holding of investigative actions are under the Code of Criminal Procedure.
final section, which includes forensics - a technique relating to the investigation of certain types of crimes.This part of science describes the mechanisms and methods of committing certain types of illegal activities, as well as traces left after the criminal event.On the basis of this knowledge developed special algorithms (base) of all stages of the production of investigative activities in typical situations.
All areas of criminology organically linked.And the first of them is the scientific basis for the technology, and tactics, and techniques that are being developed this discipline.
What is studying criminology?
subject of this discipline are the laws of the mechanism of illegal actions, as well as data collection, further research and evaluation of evidence.Here it is possible to include tools and methods of investigation and prevention of criminal activities.
such thing as an object of criminology, is closely related to the subject of study of this discipline.It consists of two parts.The first of them - the activities of criminal elements.The second - the work of law enforcement organizations to disclose and prevent malpractices.
object of criminology studies not only of the discipline.It is located in the area of attention of the judicial statistics, criminal proceedings, etc.However, each of these sciences studying these objects, to solve their problems.
forensic identification
Every crime committed in reality.Inevitably in places where there were illegal actions, there are various tracks on which the investigation is necessary to determine the relationship of any of the objects with the event illegal.And here comes to the aid forensics.Identification is one of its methods, allowing to explore the specific object belonging to his crime.She sets it out of him many similar items.
During the investigation there is also the subjects of forensic identification.These are the parties that are involved in criminal proceedings.In this list there are investigators and investigators, experts and judges, suspects and victims, etc.Each of them solves the problem of identification in accordance with its procedural provisions and permissible by law.For example, expertise in forensic science can determine whether an object murder weapon.A witness who saw the perpetrator can be identified by its external appearance they remember.Every object around us has a lot of features and properties.
objects differ in size and shape, color and composition, etc.Forensic identification study, not all features and properties.Mainly, this method applies only to the external characteristics of the object are displayed on a variety of subjects.For example, the roughness of a particular blade of the ax can be distinguished on the cut down a tree.The same applies to a feature that has the appearance of man.They are displayed in the photo or in the memory of the witness.
system forensic organizations in Russia
first expert institution in our country was founded in St. Petersburg in 1889. Its founder was the EFBura.Already in 1892, he began working forensic photographic laboratory.It was established by order of the Ministry of Justice.Somewhat later, similar institutions were opened in many Russian cities.They were essential to law enforcement authorities and used in the process of special knowledge.There were rooms on scientific and forensic examination, later transformed into the Institute.After the end of World War II, these institutions were renamed.They became known as scientific research forensic laboratories.
In 1944 began its work the Central crime lab.It was organized by the Ministry of Justice of the USSR.Later on its base was created Institute of Criminology.They became the Central Research Institute of forensic examinations.There he is today.Now that the Russian Federal Center Forensic Justice of the Russian Federation.The system headed by the agency, includes about fifty of the central and national and regional laboratories.
There are other organizations in this sphere.Thus, the Ministry of Justice are working forensic institutions of the Interior.The head of Forensic center of the Russian Interior Ministry.It was created in 1992. The submission of this Center are forensic departments and offices, and laboratory management.
Application in Criminalistics litigation
specific scientific knowledge concerning the activities of criminal elements, as well as work to identify them, are used to determine the truth in making a final judgment.In particular, the court forensics allows for additional examinations.With its help fill the gaps that were made during preliminary investigations.
Until recently, the achievements in the field of criminology courts used indirectly.This process is the study and evaluation of the materials of the criminal case, which were collected by the investigator.However, simultaneously with the entry into force of the new edition of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the court had a real opportunity to collect evidence.They are obtained during the independent investigative or other procedural actions.
One way to address existing gaps is an investigative experiment.In most cases, modern forensics use it to check the data that were obtained during the inspection, survey, etc.The practice and theory of investigative experiment has long worked in the available scientific methods.This method, which is used by the court could provide effective results.It allows you to figure out the likelihood of a particular crime imputed to the defendant.For example, if he could remove bulky items through the hole in the ceiling outlet, did he have the skills that are needed to commit unlawful acts, etc.
In addition, the examination effectively eliminates contradictions.Suppose a witness, victim or defendant persistently trying to defend his version.In this case, comes to the aid expert who evaluates each heard variants based on expertise.In particular, this may relate to the case of the collision of a vehicle either when one of the drivers in their own way explains the reasons for the accident.
examination carried out in criminal proceedings is a form of relationship, which is a system of special actions between the judges and the accused, defense counsel, investigators, prosecutors, witnesses and other participants in criminal proceedings.
staked man sentence should have full justification.That is why the courts should examine all cases that require specialized knowledge engineering, science, crafts, or other fields of activity.The results do not have advantages over other available evidence.They are subject to mandatory evaluation and verification of the judges.
Forensic ballistics
One of the subjects studied at law students is certainly a criminology.Lectures on the discipline system affect detection methods, scientific statements, as well as a study on firearms.
The object of this system is actually a set of available data relating to the case under investigation.Objects of the judicial ballistics - a gas and firearms, objects with the next shot, as well as ammunition and their components.The main objectives are the identification and examination of the decision of diagnostic and classification issues.
Communication with other sciences
discipline, develops methods of crime and law enforcement agencies, is closest to the areas that relate to the criminal law of the cycle.
