Chinese Ming Dynasty.

As a result, the power of the peasant uprising overthrew the Mongols.In place of the Yuan Dynasty (alien) came the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 gg.).Since the end of the XIV century.China is thriving economically and culturally.Old cities are beginning to develop, there are also new, which is dominated by trade and craft.The process of evolution is reinforced by the emergence of the country's factories, which introduced the division of labor.By the imperial court attract the best scientists, architects and artists.The focus is on urban development.

Chinese Ming Dynasty: the transformation in the economy

Almost immediately after the advent of the dynasty began to implement measures to improve the situation of the peasants, as they helped to produce the change of power.Ming Dynasty revived in the North allotment system that eliminated the economic power of the landed tops (North China), soyuznyuchavshey previously Yuanyamm.And in the South, everything was exactly the opposite - landlordism has been saved.Modernization of the existing accounting and tax system, as well as special attention from the authorities to irrigation - all these contributed to rapid economic growth.

traces the growth of the urban economy, the cause of which - regional specialization (in Jiangxi porcelain production was situated, and in Guangdong - mainly railway), the emergence of new trends, particularly among which is the construction of a 4-deck ships.

gradually developed and commodity-money relationship.On the basis of the merchant's capital appears private factory.Central and Southern China has become a place of occurrence of handicraft planted.Subsequently, form the background to the creation of obschekitayskogo market (number of official trade fairs has been approximated to 38).

downside

Simultaneously with the above events attended by a number of progressive interference hampering the development of business (it was typical for the whole of the East).To those include state monopoly, state-owned factory, which employs more than 300 thousand. Craftsmen gospobory with trade and craft activities.They did not give the economy the possibility to move to a different production.

Foreign Policy of the Ming Dynasty

During the period of economic recovery and the strengthening of state power held mostly offensive policy (until 1450 it was called "facing the sea", and then moved to the "face-to-barbarians").

The most significant event of this time - the expansion of China, which affected the state of the South Seas.

Ming Dynasty, due to the growing needs of solving the problem, Japanese, Chinese, Korean piracy was forced to create a fleet, which numbered 3,500 ships.Further economic growth contributed to the commission of as much as seven separate expeditions fleet, led by the chief eunuch Zheng He, to East Africa.This naval commander was at the disposal of 60 large 4-deck ships, the length of which reached 47 meters, they had the pretentious titles like "Pure Harmony", "welfare and prosperity."Each was 600 crew members, including a group of diplomats.

Excerpt from logbooks

According to them, during the journey to the coast of East Africa Zheng, Explain to the modern language, the sea acted quietly and humbly.However, occasionally small foreigners did not obey the good intentions of the Emperor.

Ming dynasty history

main focus Zhu Yuanzhang (the first Emperor of China) in the period 70-80.I made on the final expulsion of the Mongols from their country of attempted social protest among Chinese peasants by the procedure recovery of the economy and the strengthening of personal authority.Such problems have been solved by increasing the army, strengthening centralization, applying the most stringent methods that caused discontent of all strata of the population.

conjunction with restrictions on the powers of local authorities Emperor relied on extended family, later became the rulers - Vans (title) fiefdoms of the fact that, in his opinion, the most reliable are the children and grandchildren.

Vanstva been all over the country: they performed around the periphery of a defensive function against the threat from the outside, and in the center acted as a counterbalance to separatism and insurgency.

In 1398 Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died, after which the court camarilla, surpassing its direct heirs to the throne erected Zhu Yunvenya - one of his grandchildren.

Board Zhu Yunvenya

he first laid eyes on the system of inheritance, created by his grandfather.This was the cause of the war with Tszinnan (1398 - 1402 gg.).The standoff ended with the capture of the capital of the empire ruler Nanjing Beijing - the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang, Yongle.It burned in the fire along with his opponent.

third emperor of the Ming Dynasty

Zhu Di continued his father's policy of centralization of the state, thus abandoning the current system vanstv (in 1426 was suppressed the rebellion of dissatisfied Vans).He laid siege to know E and reinforced the importance of the palace secret services in the management of the state.

When it finally decided the issue with respect to the Chinese capital, which greatly influenced the political weight of the South and the North.Thus, the latter acting as the cradle of Chinese civilization, is losing its importance in the III - V centuries.in favor of the first because of the constant threat of the nomads.These parts of the country - the media is fundamentally different traditions, mentalities: southerners - complacent, careless, and Northerners - strong, tough, have a higher social status - "Han-jen."All this is reinforced by the existing language (dialectic) differences.

Yuan and Suna chose political base north, but the Ming dynasty, in contrast, the South.This is what enabled them to win.

In 1403 the new emperor existing Beypin (translated as "the pacification of the North"), renamed Beytszin ("Northern Capital").So until 1421, China had two capitals - in the north of the imperial-bureaucratic and government in the south.Yongle thus got rid of the influence and tutelage of Southerners, while denying unnecessary bureaucracy southern independence (Nanjing).

In 1421 came the final consolidation of the capital in the north.In this regard, the Ming Dynasty has provided itself with the support of northern Chinese population and strengthened the country's defense.

Emperor Ming

As mentioned earlier, this dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 years.Min replaced the Mongolian Yuan in the popular uprising.Sixteen emperors of this dynasty ruled for 276 years.For convenience, the emperors of the Ming Dynasty are listed in the table below.

Exodus peasant war

That it caused the fall of the Ming Dynasty.It is known that the peasant war, in contrast to the uprising, not only numerous, but also affects different segments of the population.It is a large-scale, long-term, well-organized, disciplined by the presence of the governing center and the presence of ideology.

worth more to analyze in detail this event in order to understand how the same thing happened the fall of the Ming Dynasty.

first stage of the peasant movement began in 1628 and lasted for 11 years.Over 100 foci failed to unite, as a consequence, have been suppressed.The second stage came in 1641 and lasted only 3 years.He headed the rebels joined forces capable commander in chief Lee Tszychen.He managed many of the existing units to generate randomly encountered peasant army, which differed discipline, he had a clear strategy and tactics.

Lee rapidly advancing under the slogan popular among the masses about the overthrow of the Ming dynasty.He advocated universal equality, make promises regarding the withholding of tax at the end of the war.

As it became known, in the early morning of 04.26.1644 on the bell that called for ministers to come to the emperor Chong Zhen in the audience, absolutely no one came.Then he said that this is the end, his entourage began to sob.The Empress was last turned to her husband and told him that for 18 years she was devoted to him, but he never bothered to listen to her, which led to such.After that, the Empress hung on his belt.

Emperor had no choice as clumsily kill his daughter and concubine sword and hung himself on the belt to clear.Following the emperor, according to the custom of the time, passed away all 80 thousand. Officials.According to one version, the Great Emperor left a note on a piece of silk, which is addressed to Lee Tszychenu.In it he said that all officials - traitors deserve to die because of what they should be put to death.Emperor justified his departure from life unwillingness to be bound to the very last, contempt of his subjects.After a few hours envoys invader took the body of the emperor from the tree, and then put him in the coffin, which was intended to the poor.

Tomb of the great Ming Dynasty

More precisely, the tombs, as the territory of the famous memorial to the graves of the thirteen emperors of the dynasty.Tomb of the Ming Dynasty stretches for 40 square meters.km.It is located about 50 km from Beijing (north) at the foot of the great mountains of heaven longevity.Tomb of the Ming Dynasty on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.Many people come to Beijing just to see her.

Conclusion

Manchu yoke newly-Qing Dynasty, one might say, was imposed on the country during the European bourgeois revolutions that condemned China by as much as 268 years of political and socio-economic stagnation before the growing colonial expansion on the part of Europe.

two most powerful dynasties - Ming and Qing dynasties.But the differences between them are enormous: first showed people the opportunity to reach a new, progressive way, let him feel free and meaningful.The second destroyed everything that was created many years of work by the State reclusive.