Inorganic acids are very important in the chemical industry.After all, they are the raw materials for many syntheses, catalyze the process, act as a dehydrating agent in the dehydration and the like.
Still more valuable their salts - substitution products of hydrogen for the metal structure of the molecules.Carbonic acid in this respect is special.After all, in itself it is almost non-existent, the air immediately breaking down into carbon dioxide and water.But carbonic acid forms salts, which are known to man since ancient times.They are very popular in many areas of production and activity.They consider.
salt of carbonic acid: classification
Firstly, immediately should indicate that the substances may be called differently.It just so happened that all the name stuck and is used to this day as historically or trivial, and data on a rational nomenclature.So, the salt of carbonic acid, so they are called:
- carbonates;
- bicarbonates;
- carbon dioxide;
- hydrogencarbonates;
- hydrocarbons.
And of course, each has its more vulgar name, which is an individual.
The listed names at once reflected and classification of the compounds in question.As the dibasic acid, and the salt it forms two types:
- medium;
- sour.
By last name prefixed hydro or bi.Almost every salt of an alkali or alkaline earth metal - it's almost important compound that is necessary for people in business.
history of the discovery and use of
Since ancient times, people known salt of carbonic acid.After all, in ancient Egypt, the construction was carried out with the help of gypsum, alabaster, limestone and marble were used.
The writings of Pliny the Elder mentioned process for producing lime calcination of limestone.The well-known miracle of the world - the pyramids - were erected with the use of plaster and materials derived from it.From the ash potash plant received and used for washing clothes, and then in soap making.
That is to use products that nature gives, people could almost always.However, what is the salt of carbonic acid, which they have a structure as can be synthesized artificially, and what their other characteristics, it became known much later, in the XVII-XVIII centuries.
today and are widely used, many alkali and alkaline earth metals, some of them take an important part in the process of circulation of groundwater.
deposits in nature
viewed in the percentage of minerals occupy approximately 5% of the total mass of the Earth's crust.They are formed mainly from the outside, forming rocks.Also, a lot of salts formed by hydrothermal.
microorganisms, mollusks and other animals and plants contribute to the formation of carbonates biochemically.Frequently salts of carbonic acid composition found in ores, accompanying them by forming associates.
most famous minerals and rocks of these compounds:
- calcite;
- dolomite;
- chalk;
- marble;
- limestone;
- plaster;
- magnesite;
- siderite;
- malachite.
Methods for preparing and applying
carbonate salts called carbonates (in the case of medium variations).This means that their composition is required to include carbonate ion, which formula CO32-.To complete the overall look is not only enough salt the metal cation and indexes reflecting the quantitative composition of compound.It is used in laboratory methods for producing these substances.
fact, besides extraction from natural sources, carbonates can be synthesized and exchange reactions, compounds and substitution.However, the practical relevance of such methods are not, as the yield is too low, and power consumption.
Where is done the use of carbonic acid salts, in what areas?For each of them is individually, but in general can be identified several major industries.
- Construction business.
- Chemical Industry.
- Glass.
- Soap.
- Synthesis paper.
- food industry.
- Production detergents.
- calcium carbonates - the source of the metal ions in the body of living beings.
Consider a few examples of specific carbonates, their composition and value.
calcium carbonate
As mentioned above, the substance - a source of calcium ions Ca2 + in humans.And this is very important.Indeed, they are involved in maintaining the constancy of the buffer system of blood, part of the bone, nails, hair and strengthen the enamel.
With a lack of calcium are developing a variety of diseases, including such dangerous as heart disease, osteoporosis, pathological changes in the lens of the eyeball, and others.
addition, the calcium carbonate is also used in the construction business.After all its variety - is:
- chalk;
- marble;
- limestone.
the salt deposits rich enough that a person has no shortage of it.Often it is sold in pure form in the form of tablets, as in the photo below.It is true that calcium is absorbed quite well, it requires the presence of vitamin D.
Sodium carbonate salts of carbonic acid - carbonates - are important in everyday human economy.For example, sodium carbonate, or sodium carbonate, in common is called soda.However, it is not the substance, which is an important part in the preparation of various dishes.No, the salt used for commercial purposes for cleaning household surfaces of products: bathtubs, sinks, dishes and others.It is more commonly known as soda ash or laundry, it is used in the manufacture of glass, soap making.
formula of the compound Na2CO3 * 10H2O.This is the average salt water attributable to crystalline hydrates.It occurs naturally as minerals and composition of rocks.Examples:
- throne;
- nakholit;
- thermonatrite.
frequently isolated from marine algae, their ashes.It is this method was used in ancient times to get the raw material for the production of soap or simply to wash clothes.But the most rich in plants containing this salt is solyanka sodonosnaya.Her ashes maximum acceptable for the production of sodium carbonate.
Potash
Formula salt of carbonic acid, which has the name, - K2CO3.It is a white fine crystalline hygroscopic powder.Average anhydrous salt, which has a very good solubility.This compound is also known to people for a long time, and it is widely used today.Synonyms name:
- potassium carbonate;
- potash;
- potash.
The main areas of use are as follows.
- as a reactant in the processes of production of liquid soap.
- for the synthesis of crystal and optical glass, refractory glass.
- for dyeing fabrics.
- As fertilizer for crops.
- in the construction business - in order to reduce the freezing point of mortars.
- The Photo Art.
main industrial method of producing the salt - electrolysis of calcium chloride.This forms the hydroxide, which is reacted with carbon dioxide and forms potash.The natural raw materials - is ash cereals and seaweed, which contains a lot of it.
Baking soda
acidic salt of carbonic acid are not less important than the average.Thus, for example, sodium bicarbonate, whose formula NaHCO3.Another of his name better known to all - baking soda.Externally, it is a white fine powder which is very soluble in water.The compound is unstable when heated, immediately decomposes into carbon dioxide, water and high salt.This allows the use baking soda as a buffer in the internal environment of living organisms.
Also, there are several applications of this compound:
- food (especially confectionery) industry;
- medicine (for the treatment of acid burns);
- in chemical synthesis in the preparation of plastics, dyes, foam plastics, household chemicals;
- in the light and textile industry (tanning of the skin, finishing silk fabrics, etc.);
- used in the manufacture of carbonated beverages and various culinary specialties;
- sodium bicarbonate is charged with fire extinguishers.
calcium hydrogen
This acid salt of carbonic acid - an important part in the circulation of groundwater.This connection ensures the formation of the temporary hardness of the water that has been addressed by boiling.This is calcium bicarbonate contributes to massive displacements of carbonates in nature, that is, carries out their circulation.The formula of this compound - Ca (HCO3) 2.
