Everyone knows that a punctuation mark - a period, comma, question and exclamation marks.And what there is and what are they for?
essence
punctuation mark - a graphical vnealfavitnaya language unit to help structure the written text.Their use is regulated by the rules of punctuation for each individual language.They are not always easy to learn, so that very many mistakes account for this section.Thus, the study of foreign languages, very few programs include punctuation.However, this section is not less important than grammar or spelling, though only in writing.So what are the punctuation marks?
List
main unit punctuation in any language - period, comma, and question and exclamation marks.You can use them properly express his thoughts, though not always with sufficient accuracy.All in all, the modern Russian language uses ten icons: in addition to those already mentioned, this is a dash and colon, which will be discussed separately.Furthermore, this brackets and quotation marks having separation function.Also, dots, ending the idea and a semicolon, playing the same role, but within the same sentence.
As you can see, the list is small, but each of these punctuation units have their purpose.Sometimes they are interchangeable, but more - no.
Classification
There are several variants of punctuation separation units.Firstly, on the basis of pairing.That is, in the case of setting a single punctuation mark must be supplemented his second.The category can be attributed paired brackets, quotes, double commas and dashes.
According to the second classification, all punctuation marks can be divided into 3 categories.For example, these:
- Signs allocation.They are designed to indicate the boundaries of the different syntactic structures and isolation.It is to this category are paired signs.They allow you to clearly structure your proposal and see its important part.
- Signs offices.They mark the border between independent sentences, including in complex designs.Moreover, they point to the type of sentence for target utterance.This includes everything that is not included in the first paragraph.
- sometimes separately distinguished the red line.It refers to changing the subject or a new twist in the story or argument.
functions
may seem that in today's world punctuation - is an atavism.As a general rule, and without points can delineate proposals, and no commas often clear about what is at stake.What to speak of other signs that are much less common?And yet, without them it is extremely difficult.
First, they allow you to do the mental pause and distinguish between phrases in the text without making a meaningless set of letters and words.Secondly, they transmit a lot of different shades - uncertainty poluutverzhdeniya and so. On. Without such a powerful tool as punctuation, to achieve this it would be very difficult.In addition, in official documents, agreements and contracts without punctuation to understand it would be extremely difficult.Not there posed a comma can completely change the meaning of the whole sentence - and that's no joke.
So the role of punctuation is important, as if their opponents nor asserted the opposite.After all, many linguists are of the opinion that the introduction of any unwanted language simply do not survive, while the significant part is stored in any case.And then, the famous "Eats, Blogs" - is just one example, but in fact there are thousands.Any punctuation - this is an important part of the proposal, which can not be neglected.
History and development
is difficult to imagine how one can live without punctuation, but the current situation is relatively recent, and possibly the development of the language section is still ongoing.Nevertheless, it is interesting to see how was the birth and development of punctuation.
oldest punctuation mark is the point, which is found even in the ancient monuments of writing.However, its use did not regulated, and the location on the row was different - not at the bottom and the middle.Terms her performances became more similar to modern roughly in the XVI century.
Comma has spread approximately in the XV century.Its name comes from the old verb denoting stop delay.Cognate in this case would be the word "stumble".And the most observant will notice another.For example, the fact that "marks" on the etymology goes back to the same root.
Most of the other characters were introduced into wide use until the XVIII century.They have contributed to the popularization of Lomonosov, Karamzin, and many other prominent scientists.Today the punctuation rules of the Russian language were adopted in 1956 and still in effect.
Proper use of punctuation units
Arrange the punctuation is not always easy.At the end of a sentence to choose from, there are four options, and even within a phrase ... It is not surprising that the study of punctuation dedicated so much time.Remember all the rules will probably be more difficult, but the main - is a must.
Commas: correct use
Since this is the most common sign, no wonder that it accounts for the largest number of problems.Comma - a sign that separates simple sentences as part of a complex.She also used for transfers, to highlight the input structures, applications, isolation involved, and comparative adverbial-participial turnovers and many other purposes.List them all, perhaps, it is difficult because it is a huge part of the school curriculum.However, it should be remembered that the comma is also always allocates treatment.Punctuation require careful attention to itself and ignore the rules of their arrangement for a native speaker - primarily lack of respect for his own person.
direct speech and dialogue
This theme presents the greatest problems like schoolchildren and adults.And if the dialogue fewer problems, because there in front of each line simply put a dash, the punctuation of direct speech become a stumbling block, especially if still used introductory words.
order to properly document this part of the text, you need to know that myself, along with a replica of his own punctuation marks allocated quotes.If the introductory words are used, instead of the point is a comma, which in this case is driven out of the utterance.Question and exclamation marks are always saved.With regard to the registration of the author's words, it depends on the division replicas.If they are a single sentence, it interrupted the explanation, it is spelled with a lowercase letter, and highlighted by a dash and colon.Put only one pair of quotation marks - in the beginning and at the end of direct speech.Perhaps in theory this sounds a bit confusing, but the practice is not difficult to understand.
use dash and colon
grammar in Russian language presupposes the existence conjunctionless proposals, and this means the demand for the above punctuation.Their purpose is approximately equal, and both may be replaced by a comma, which, however, do not give the desired shades.
Colon necessary if the following part or even the whole simple proposition more fully reveals the meaning of the previous one, adds details, and so on. D. Tyre - in the reverse situation.Of course, they have other functions, but it is also a fairly large part of the curriculum that deserves detailed consideration.
differences in punctuation Russian and European languages
studying native, we do not always think, what are the punctuation marks in foreign dialects, and are they the same function.Of course, different and punctuation rules, but the conversation is not about them.
striking example is the Spanish.Interrogative and exclamatory sentences in it are highlighted more prominently, as appropriate signs placed not only in the end, but the beginning of phrases so that they are paired together with the quotation marks or brackets.
way, and often in English instead of dots at the end of direct speech can be found dashes.And the Greeks instead of the question mark may put [;].I guess not knowing difficult.So it is not always necessary to think about the rules, which sets Russian.Punctuation and how to use them all on your own.
Oriental languages
Japanese and Chinese remains true to the traditions, despite the influence of Europe.So, the point looks like a circle, and sometimes placed on the center line, and sometimes as usual.This is to avoid confusion, as a European mark could be taken as part of the last character.
Also, there are two kinds of commas: regular and teardrop.First, for example, divides the simple sentences as part of a complex, and the second - homogeneous terms.
Less known punctuation
may seem that the previously named list is more than comprehensive.But, oddly enough, it is not.So, what are the punctuation marks, which few people know, and they are hardly used?There are little more than a dozen of the most famous:
- Interrobang.This combination in a single unit of a question and an exclamation mark looks exotic, but it is interesting.Of course, it is easier and more familiar to write "?!", All the more that the meaning is the same, but the introduction Interrobang supporters believe he looks at the letter more representative.
- rhetorical question mark.He had been in use about 20 years old at the junction of the XVI and XVII centuries.In fact, it is a mirror image of the usual question mark.
- asterism.Earlier the head or parts thereof separated from each other is this sign, is a three-star, located in a triangle.But for a long time it was replaced by the same asterism, but arranged in a straight line segment.
- Ironic sign.It may seem that it is too similar to the rhetoric, though it is smaller, is located above the line and is a completely different function, as the name implies.It was invented in the XIX century.
- Love sign.Its function is also evident from the title, and he is a combination of the two interrogative, mirror each other, with one point.
- Conciliation sign.It is a combination of two one exclamation point.Expresses demonstration of goodwill or greeting.
- sign of confidence.Functions underline the strong view of the assertion with respect.Represents an exclamation point, crossed the short horizontal line.
- interrogative comma.It is used to emphasize the interrogative intonation in a single sentence.By analogy with it there exclamatory comma.
- sarcastic sign.It represents a kind of snail with a point inside and is protected by copyright.It is used to separate the underscore that the proposal, after which it is situated, contains sarcasm.
- Snark-sign.It is possible to type on a normal keyboard, because it is just a point and following the tilde - [. ~].It is used to show that the proposal for which it is not to be taken literally, and it has a hidden meaning.
Enough interesting set, but it seems to many to be excessive.And although the role of some of these characters seems necessary, the language eventually displaces itself inappropriate and unnecessary things.Perhaps that is exactly what happened in this case.
However, natural languages - is not the only discipline in which there is the concept of punctuation.However, this topic requires separate consideration.It is much more appropriate to consider the influence of modern trends in the alignment of punctuation marks.
Punctuation and netiquette
Because online communication is most often initially involves informality, quite naturally a simplification and disregard for the rules of the Russian (and not only) language.There was even a concept of network etiquette, which includes the question of how to place punctuation.
For example, a point at the end of a long dialogue - this is a sign that the other person wants to close the subject.In other cases, it looks rude and cold.A large number of exclamation marks mean, depending on the context, stormy negative or positive emotions.Dots may show frustration, pensive, melancholy and some other shades of sentiment, which can hardly be called positive.The alignment of the commas in network communication is rarely a subject of serious reflection, for the purpose - to convey to the interlocutor are, and design ideas, in this case again.However, the placement of neglected question marks can not be - it is mauvais ton.
Although these rules are different from the common, easy to remember them.And, of course, keep in mind that they do not relate to business and official correspondence, which must be true and well-decorated.The punctuation mark - a powerful tool that should be used with care.
