Transitivity / intransitive is the category from which you can select the relationship between the subject and the object of the action.The meaning of this category is that the subject performs an action and its result can "prove" (go) or "to be" (do not go) to the subject.Therefore, the verbs in the Russian language are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Transitional and intransitive verbs.The lexical meaning
To define a passage, you must identify the key feature, which acts complement the verb, and has a specific marking of case.
transitive verb - a verb that has a value of action, which is aimed at the subject and changes or produces it (check the work, dig a hole).
intransitive verb - indicates movement and position in space, or mental condition, or physical.
also emit so-called labile verbs.They can act as a transition, and intransitive (rule editor manuscript - the world is ruled by the man himself).
syntactic differences
syntactic differences transitive and intransitive verbs associated with the lexical meaning.Transitive and intransitive verbs are usually combined:
- first - with nouns and pronouns denoting the object of the action, without excuse in the accusative (read a magazine, to treat a girl).
- second - with additions which are expressed by nouns and pronouns, prepositions, or without them exclusively in oblique cases (playing outside, walking around the yard).Also, when an intransitive verb can be used the accusative case, but without an excuse and carrying value of time or space: the tourists are day and night.
In addition, the object of action in the transitive verb can be expressed in the genitive case, but only in such cases:
- in the designation of the object: to buy water to drink tea;
- if the verb is negation not have the right to not read the book.
Transitional and intransitive verbs (table) are such major differences.
Morphological
Typically, these verbs do not have specific morphological features.Still, certain types of word formation are the indicators of transitive or intransitive verb.So transitive verb - is:
- all the verbs with the affix Xia (make);
- denominative verbs, which stands suffix -e- or -Nothing - (- icha-) pick, be reduced to a pulp, to be greedy.
to the transition include verbs, adjectives are formed by using the suffix -and-: to green, black.
There are some cases where, prefixed bespristavochnym intransitive verbs to form transitive verbs.Examples: hurt and kill.
If the proposal is not a supplement, it serves as a transitive verb intransitive: The student writes well (specifying a property inherent to this person).
intransitive verbs have a special group of reflexive verbs, their formal sign - a suffix Xia (wash, back).
Reflexive verbs.Features
Reflexive verbs are studied in the school curriculum, as well as transitive verbs (Grade 6).
reflexive verb denotes action, turned on itself.It is formed by particles (postfix) Xia (-s).
can identify these main features of these verbs:
- Firstly, they may be like as a transient verbs (dress - dress), and on the intransitive (knock - knock).Still, recurrent (transitive verbs after adding postfix -s (Xia)) In any case become intransitive (dressing - dressing).
- Secondly, the postfix added: Xia - after consonants (wash, wash, wash), -s - after vowels (dress up, dress).It is worth noting that the sacrament is always written with a postfix-Xia (dressing, washable).
- Third, reflexive verbs are formed in three ways: suffixal Postaffixal - by adding a suffix to the base and postfix (res + ve (be) be), platformers, Postaffixal (at + pit_sya) Postaffixal (wash + be).
Education derivatives on Xia and passive participles
Since the main morphological properties of transitive verbs - formation of derivatives on Xia and passive participles, which is unusual for intransitive verbs, take a look at this process in more detail.
In most cases, a transitive verb - is one that forms a passive participle or derevativy ending Xia, who may have a return (to rush), passive value (established), dekauzativnoe (break).
The exceptions are the verbs add (in weight), cost, and most weigh on semelfaktivov Well (kovyrnut).Besides these passive verbs do not form and return derivatives.
But still there are intransitive verbs, capable of forming a passive constructions.For example, the verb is expected.It is formed from intransitive versatile design with the addition of the genitive: I expect the arrival of Basil - Basil expected to come.
correlation transitive verb
While that transition has no single formal expression, yet there is a tendency to associate the category of transitivity with the formal properties of the verb, for example, verbal prefixes:
- vast majority of non-performing verbshaving a different prefix, are transient (blur, push apart).The exceptions are: verbs denoting motion suffix -va- / -iva- / -a- (swing, drive);verbs, expressing spontaneous changes properties of an object, in particular, contain a suffix -nu- formed from intransitive verbs (melted, melt, swell);verbs containing vowels -e- case that indicate changes in the properties (become corpulent, get rich);including - trumpet, change one's mind.
- Almost all sunk verbs containing the prefix iz, are transient (exception: izmoknut, dry out, if you please, and others).
semantic properties of transitive verbs
Russian language has a large class of direct objects.Besides those significantly affected by the situation, the verb can have a direct object, semantic role played by other (for example, see, have to create - with these transitive verb with an object nothing happens, it is not destroyed, does not change).
It turns out that the opposition on the transition should not be rigidly connected with the sense of the verb class.This means that the transitive verb not necessarily denote agentivity-patsientivnuyu situation.Still, some trends can be noted.
So transitive verb - is:
- verb damage or destruction of an object (murder, robbery);
- change the verb form of the object (mash, squeeze);
- verb emotions of conditioning (offend, annoy, insult).
Semantic properties of intransitive verbs
highlighted semantic properties of transitive verbs, it is possible to determine the properties of all the rest, that is intransitive:
- Verbs single, do not have add-ons, that is characterizing the change of state patsiensa (direct object, greatly affected the situation)which was not caused by the Agent.Or it may be the case when the Agent plays a minor role: to die, rot, fall, get wet.Double
- having indirect.That is, the words of assistance (except for support) to promote, assist, condone, vspomoschestvovat.
- verbs that are used with the object, part of the acting party agentive verb (to move, move, swing).
- verbs of perception fictional situation (count on, expect (that), trust in, rely on).
uncanonicity types of direct additions
It is often been said that the key feature of transitive verbs - the ability to interact with direct object in the accusative.But there are classes of verbs that are used not only nouns and pronouns in the accusative case, and with the word or the turnover of the other speeches are semantically identical to it in varying degrees.It can be:
- prepositional (I scratched him behind the ear);
- genitive group (the grandfather did not read the newspaper);
- adverbial group (he drinks a lot, so I decided);
- sentential actant (infinitive turnover - I love going to the theater; clause is used together with the union, or -to-that - I knew that he would go to the sea, in conjunction with the clause -when Union - I do not like the rain).
Some listed structures can not only replace the direct object is used in a transitive verb, but also be used to express a similar function with intransitive verbs.Namely:
- infinitive turnover (he is afraid to go into the woods at night);
- clauses together with the unions and -to-that (she was angry that he did not come, and he prayed that she came);
- clauses together with the union -when (I do not like when the doors are kept closed);
- genitive (she avoids these guys)
- design with a lot of (Alina sleeps a lot).
Analogues of the above additions to the accusative have in varying degrees of prototype properties direct additions.
summarize
Despite the fact that this topic is one of the difficult, we were able to determine what is a transitive verb.And also learned to distinguish it from the intransitive and allocate among the last vozratnye.And to prove it, we give an example phrases with transitive verbs, intransitive and return to:
- transition: paint the walls, treat the patient, read a book, make a suit, to expand the sleeve, buy tea, drink water, do not have the right, swing baby;
- intransitive: to walk the streets, to believe in the good walk in the park, be reduced to a pulp with fatigue;
- return: get things done, to disagree, to approach each other, obey the boss, think about being, to vouch for his brother to refer to.
