One of the most interesting of the dead language - Old Church Slavonic.The words that were part of his vocabulary, grammar rules, even some phonetic peculiarities and the alphabet became the basis of the modern Russian language.Let's see what kind of language, and when he came, and whether it is used today, and in what areas.
and also talk about what it is studied in universities, as well as mention the most famous and significant works devoted to the Cyrillic alphabet and the Old Church Slavonic grammar.Let us remember we are about Cyril and Methodius, the world famous brothers from Salonika.
General
Despite the fact that for centuries scientists pay attention to this language, studying the Old Slavonic alphabet and the history of its development, information about it is not so much.If grammar and phonetic structure of language, lexical structure more or less studied, all with regard to its origin, is still questionable.
The reason for this is that the creators did not keep any written records about their work, or are these records and all were lost over time.A detailed study of the writing began only a few centuries, when no one could say for sure what kind of dialect became the basis of the written language.
believed that this language was artificially created on the basis of dialects of the Bulgarian language in the IX century and was used on the territory of Russia for centuries.
is also worth noting that in some sources you can find synonymous name of the language - Church.This is due to the fact that the emergence of literature in Russia is connected directly to the church.Initially, church literature was: translation of books, prayers, parables, and created the original scriptures.Besides generally given language possessed only by people who serve the church.
Later, with the development of language and culture, to replace the old Russian came to the Old Slavonic language, which draws heavily on its predecessor.This happened around the XII century.
However Slavonic letter reached us virtually intact, and we use it to this day.We use and grammatical system, which began to emerge even before the ancient language.
Version creating
believed that the Old Slavonic language owes its appearance to Cyril and Methodius.And that's the information we find in all the textbooks on the history of language and writing.
Brothers created based on one of Thessalonica Slavs dialects new script.This was done primarily to translate Biblical texts and prayers in church Slavic language.
But there are other versions of the origin of language.So, I. Yagitch believed that the foundation of the Old Slavonic became one of the dialects of the Macedonian language.
There theory according to which the basis for the new script was Bulgarian.Her nominate P. Safarik.He also believed that the language should be called Old Bulgarian, and not Old Church.Until now, some researchers are at odds over the issue.
way, until now the Bulgarian linguists believe that we are considering it is Old Bulgarian language, but not Slavic.
We can even assume that there are other, less well-known theory of the origin of language, but they either do not address the scientific community, or it has been proved their complete failure.
In any case, the old Slavonic word can be found not only in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian, but also Polish, Macedonian, Bulgarian and other Slavic dialects.Therefore, the discussion about what language is closest to the Old Slavonic, are unlikely to have ever been completed.
Thessalonica brothers
creators of Cyrillic and Glagolitic - Cyril and Methodius - came from the city of Thessalonica, in Greece.The brothers were born in a fairly wealthy family, so were able to get an excellent education.
elder brother - Michael - was born about 815 years.When ordination was named Methodius.
Constantine also was the youngest in the family and was born about 826 years.He knew foreign languages, versed in the exact sciences.Despite the fact that many predicted him success and a great future, Constantine decided to go in the footsteps of his older brother, too, he became a monk and received the name of Cyril.He died in the year 869.
Brothers actively involved in the spread of Christianity and the scriptures.They come in different countries, trying to convey to people the word of God.Yet the world fame it brought him the Old Slavonic alphabet.
Both brothers were canonized.In some Slavic countries May 24 marks the Day of Slavic Literature and Culture (Russia and Bulgaria).In Macedonia, this day is revered Cyril and Methodius.Another two Slavic countries - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - have suffered this holiday on July 5.
Two alphabet
believed Slavonic letter was created after the Greek Enlightenment.In addition, it was originally two alphabet - Glagolitic and Cyrillic.Let us briefly consider them.
first - Glagolitic.It is believed that its creator had Cyril and Methodius.It is believed that the alphabet has no basis and is created from scratch.In ancient Rus' was used rarely, in some cases.
second - Cyrillic.She is also credited with the creation of Thessalonica brothers.It is believed that the basis of the alphabet was taken statutory Byzantine letter.At the moment, the eastern Slavs - Russian, Ukrainian and belorusy- use the letters of the alphabet of Old Church - or rather, it is the Cyrillic alphabet.
the question of which of the alphabets is older, then it is also no clear answer.In any case, if we assume that both the Cyrillic and Glagolitic were created Brothers from Salonika, the difference between the time of their creation is unlikely to exceed ten to fifteen years.
Was writing to Cyrillic?
interesting fact is that the history of the language, some researchers believe that in Russia was written before Cyril and Methodius.Confirmation of this theory believe "Veles Book," which was written by ancient Russian Magi before the adoption of Christianity.At the same time it is proved, in what century it was created a literary monument.
In addition, the researchers argue that the various notes of the ancient Greek travelers and scholars have written mention of the presence of the Slavs.Also mentioned about the treaties that are signed with the Byzantine princes merchants.
Unfortunately, still not determined if this is true, and if so, what exactly was written in Russia before the spread of Christianity.
Study of Old Church Slavonic
Regarding the study of the Old Slavonic language, it is not only of interest to scientists studying the history of language, dialectology, but also scientists slavyanistov.
begins his studies in the nineteenth century with the development of comparative-historical method.We will not dwell on this issue, because, in fact, a person close not familiar with linguistics, the names of the scientists are not interested in and familiar.Suffice it to say that on the basis of research it was formed more than a textbook, many of them are used for the study of the history of language and dialectology.
Studies developed the theory of development of Old Church Slavonic, Old Church Slavonic language dictionaries compiled, studied grammar and phonetics.But at the same time, there are still unsolved mysteries and riddles of the Old Slavonic dialect.
also allow ourselves to provide a list of the most famous dictionaries and books of the Old Slavonic language.Perhaps these books will be of interest to you and help you to delve into the history of our culture and literature.
most famous books were issued by such scholars as Habugraev, Remneva, Elkin.All three textbooks are called "Old Church Slavonic language."
Pretty impressive scientific work has been released A. Selishchev.He prepared a tutorial consisting of two parts and cover the whole system of the Old Slavonic language, which contains not only the theoretical material, but also text, vocabulary, as well as some articles on the morphology of the language.
interesting materials devoted to Thessalonica brothers, history of the alphabet.So, in 1930, it was released work "Materials on the history of the ancient Slavic Literature", written by P. Lavrov.
no less valuable and labor Shakhmatov, which was released in Berlin in 1908 - "Legend of the proposal has books in Slovenian language."In 1855, the world saw the monograph O. Bodyansky "About the time of the origin of the Slavic writing."
also been made "Old Church Slavonic Dictionary" based on the writings of X - XI centuries, which was edited by R. and R. Vecherka Zeitlin.
All these books are widely known.On this basis, not only to write essays and reports on the history of the language, but also to prepare more serious work.
formation Old Slavonic language
fairly large reservoir Old Church Slavonic vocabulary inherited Russian.Old Slavic word pretty firmly entrenched in our vernacular, and today we can not even distinguish them from the original Russian words.
Consider a few examples for you to understand how deeply staroslavyanizmy penetrated into our language.
Such religious terms as "priest", "victim", "Wand", came to us from the Old Slavonic language, and this includes abstract concepts such as "power", "disaster", "consent".
course, themselves staroslavyanizmy much more.We give you a few signs that point to the fact that the word - staroslavyanizmy.
1. Have consoles and emer- impact.For example: return, excessive.
2. Components with the words God-tokens, benign, greho-, and other abuse.For example: zlonravie, fall.
2. Have suffixes -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch- -yasch-.For example: hot, melting.
It would seem that we have listed just a few signs that identify staroslavyanizmy, but you probably do not remember a single word that comes to us from the Old Slavonic.
If you want to know the value of the Old Slavonic words, we can advise to look in any dictionary of the Russian language.Almost all of them have retained their original value, despite the fact that it has been more than a decade.
use at the present stage
At the moment, the Old Slavonic language is studied in universities in individual faculties and specialties, and is also used in churches.
This is due to the fact that at this stage of the language is dead.Its use is possible only in the church, as many prayers are written in this language.In addition, it is worth noting the fact that the first scriptures were translated into the Old Slavonic language was and is still used as a church is that of a century ago.
Regarding the world of science, we note the fact that the Old Slavonic words and their individual forms often found in dialects.This attracts the attention of dialectology, allowing to study the development of language, its individual forms and dialects.
Researchers culture and history also know the language, as their work is directly related to the study ancient monuments.
Nevertheless, at this stage it is considered a dead language, as it, like in Latin, ancient Greek, for a long time no one speaks, and only a few know it.
use in the church
the most widely used language in the church.So, Slavonic prayers can be heard in any Orthodox church.In addition, it is to read passages from religious books, the Bible.
This note also that the employees of the church, young students and seminarians are studying this dialect, its features, phonetics, and graphics.Today the Old Church Slavonic language is considered to be the language of the Orthodox Church.
most famous prayer that is often read on this dialect - "Our Father."But there is still a lot of prayers in Old Slavonic, which are less known.You can find them in any old prayer book, or hear, visiting all the same church.
Studying at the universities
Old Church Slavonic language to date is widely taught in universities.Pass it on Philology, historical, legal.In some high schools may study for students and philosophers.
The program includes a history of the origin, the Old Slavonic alphabet, especially phonetics, vocabulary, grammar.Basic syntax.
Students not only learn the rules, learn nouns, disassemble them as part of the speech, but also read texts written in this language, try to translate them and to understand the meaning.
All this is done to ensure that linguists could later apply their knowledge for the study of ancient literary monuments, peculiarities of the Russian language and its dialects.
worth noting that quite difficult to study the Old Slavonic language.The text written on it, hard to read, because it is not only a lot of archaisms, but the rules themselves reading the letters "yat", "er" and "Eph" initially stored with difficulty.
history student because the knowledge gained will be able to study ancient monuments of culture and literature, to read historical documents and chronicles, understand their essence.
The same applies to those who are studying at the faculties of philosophy, law.
Despite the fact that today the Old Church Slavonic - a dead language, interest in it has been simmering ever since.
Conclusions
That was the basis of ancient Old Slavonic language, which, in turn, was replaced by the Russian language.Word of the Old Slavonic origin perceived as native Russian.
significant body language, phonetic features, the grammar of East Slavic languages - all that was laid in the period of development and use of the Old Slavonic language.
Old Church Slavonic - formally a dead language, which currently communicate only the ministers of the church.It was created back in the IX century, the brothers Cyril and Methodius, and originally was used for translation and recording of church literature.In fact, the Old Church has always been a written language that is not spoken by the people.
Today we do not use it, but at the same time it is widely taught in the philological and historical faculties and seminaries.Today Slavonic words and the old language can be heard by visiting the service in the church, as all the prayers in the Orthodox churches to read on it.
