Regime change is often accompanied by revelations of the Board and related judicial processes and accusatory.The term "lustration" is no surprise.Word knows even the most unenlightened.But what is lustration, it remains unclear for almost everyone.
History of lustration procedures
So, in ancient Rome and ancient Greece there was a rite of purification.Tradition provides a purified babies by offering sacrifices to the gods.In modern conditions, wondering: "Lustration - what is it?", We can talk about the process of cleansing all levels of government from a specific type of officials.
lustration most commonly applies to all high-ranking officials of the state, as well as all the representatives of law and order and national security.Ministers, representatives of the executive and legislative authorities, security officials, judges and police - is an incomplete list of public servants in respect of which use the concept of "lustration".
Why use lustration
initiators of the process are always the new, came during some of the revolution (or coup) power.They strive in every way to show his innocence to all happening in the country before them.Often, the people of the country carries all the "merits" of the previous rulers in the new.And it does not increase the loyalty of people to the new government, but rather exacerbates an already difficult transition processes.
Therefore, the new government passed a law on lustration, which specifies the conditions under which officials can remain in office.All those who are somehow involved in human rights violations, the oppression of the people, falsification of political and historical facts, and so on. E., Not allowed to controls by the new regime.
Lustration - a place predecessors
Lustration - what is it?Revenge predecessors.That is how some European and American political scientists and historians estimate that process.It is not always possible to conclusively prove the guilt of officials of wrongdoing with respect to human rights and freedoms.Often enough timely direction "signal" to the commission, which deals with this issue, and officials there is a lot of problems.
With stream of denunciations faced Poles and Czechs, whose lustration officials held after the overthrow of the Communist Party.The number of applications from people with names allegedly involved in human rights violations in these countries has reached such a scale that only the first stage - when receiving a signal - they have sorted into three categories.First fall officials whose guilt was proved, and did not require verification;the second - those whose sins have not been proven, but they concealed the fact of his cooperation with the security agencies.And in the third group turned out to people whose offenses deduce it was almost impossible due to the limitations of their duties.Most often in relation to these petty officials it did not prosecute, but this category has been the most numerous.
Fundamental Principles lustration
As already mentioned, lustration - the definition of names of officials of different levels, which are prohibited from working in the public administration.The most common process was in Eastern Europe after the overthrow of the communist regime.Despite the differences in the methods of identifying violators of human rights in different countries, and were still similar principles of lustration.
First, all States had condemned the activities of the communist regime, a directive administration of the country and use the media to put pressure on people.Secondly, the entire time period of the communist regime is defined as a crime.E. With a small reservation on the situation - it is 1948-1990 years.Third, a number of countries to restrict access to the former officials of the decision-making positions affected not only governments and the rule of law, but also educational institutions and religious organizations.
All other ideas about what lustration of power, had national characteristics.The longest and loudest lustration processes experienced Czech Republic and Poland.
Lustration in the Czech Republic
split of Czechoslovakia into two states and the overthrow of the communist regime led to the fact that the Czech Republic has implemented quite a tough and deep purge of officials.So lustration - that it was in practice?
Since 1991, the Federal Council of the Czech Republic adopted a number of laws decommunisation.In particular, one of them - "On the illegality of the communist regime" - decided that the responsibility for everything that happened in the postwar period in Czechoslovakia, lies on the Communist Party and its leadership.They are accused not only of economic policy management and political course of the country of socialism, but in practice a comprehensive spying on each other.
«Softness" mass lustration in the Czech Republic
As a result of all actions verification has undergone more than 140 000 people - officials of all ranks, judges, university rectors, directors of research institutes and so on. F. Once the signal is received at one or another official, itimmediately dismissed from their jobs (if it was working for the government) and the Special Committee initiated a check against that person.According to the established order, the audit was carried out not more than two months, but is often delayed for six months or more.
If the committee managed to prove the guilt of a person, or even floated the facts of his possible cooperation with the security forces, he was deprived of the possibility to hold leading positions in all state structures within 5 years.It is for such 'punishment' and the Czech lustration process called soft.
Abuse lustration process
Despite the transparency of all processes, towards which the new government, by 1996 leadership positions for all comers not enough.Therefore, even the representatives of the new democratic government, began to abuse the lustration process to neutralize political opponents.
Donated even Vaclav Havel, who was the first president of the Czech Republic and spoke just de-communization control and power.In the archives of the KGB there was a dossier on him, in which, after another conversation with a representative of the authorities Havel was characterized as "a possible candidate for collaboration."
early in 1996 to review their files, if any, in the archives, everybody could Czechs.But since there were a number of "scandalous revelations," and critics of lustration have become increasingly point to the fallacy of this process, there were some restrictions on the disclosure of information concerning journalists, academics and university professors.
Lustration in Poland
Polish "Solidarity" movement has taken the baton from the hands of Communist power.It looked very peacefully and lawfully.The new government has guaranteed to members of the Communist Party of integrity and security.However, radical-minded representatives of "Solidarity" in his quest to get maximum access to the government proposed to introduce punishment for cooperating with the communist regime in the form of imprisonment.
These proposals were not adopted, but the stream of denunciations of his colleagues was so great that the process is literally swept the entire country.As a result, the Polish Sejm adopted a law on lustration, which circle of officials was limited only by ministers, senior officials, deputies and judges.At the same time, enrolled in a senior position, caught official had publicly repent and receive forgiveness for the people's work in the communist regime.Initially, that's about it.
massive exposure of new officials
By 2007, Poland swept several major scandals.After disclosure of archive documents got the vice prime minister, Janusz Tomaszewski,null, legendary fighter for human rights Lech Walesa, Aleksander Kwasniewski (seventh president of Poland) and many other well-known Polish politicians and public figures.
In 2006, the Polish Sejm adopted amendments to the lustration law, according to which widened the range of persons whose activities are under the rule of the Communist Party was subject to public.Journalists, academics and university professors, school principals and other minor officials were also to submit lustration declaration when applying for a job or be monitored, if at the time of adoption of the amendments has occupied his post.Again, the flow of denunciations has grown to unprecedented proportions, so that the Constitutional Court had to Poland in 2007 to recognize a number of the amendments illegal.
Last scandal, giving the answer to the question "lustration - it" broke out in 2007 in the ranks of the Catholic Church.The post of Metropolitan of Warsaw was forced to leave Stanislaw Wielgus, concealing the interview in the Vatican its cooperation with the Polish security organs in 70 years.
Lustration should address all aspects of human life, but you must take into account the nuances and the conditions in which people were.
Lustration in the post-
former republics of the Soviet Union, gained independence in 1991, it has also repeatedly stated that lustration, the value of which largely overestimated necessary.
in Russia and Ukraine have repeatedly tried to initiate the lustration, but no bill was not adopted.In Russia, in the framework of the law on rehabilitation of repressed by the totalitarian regime was introduced norm according to which all judges and officials involved in the repression had to be brought to justice.However, special spread this practice is not found, and all subsequent attempts at lustration authorities have not received support.
in Georgia in the course of lustration was banned by the communist and fascist symbols.For important positions are not allowed the former personnel security officials and functionaries of the Communist Party.
Lustration in the Baltic
greatest impact lustration reached in the Baltic countries.In Estonia, for example, the law provides for the prosecution of persons involved in mass repression during the communist regime.Latvia and Lithuania are more loyal attitude to the past of their people, but here the relevant laws restricting access to power consciously collaborated with the security organs of the Soviet Union.However, as in Europe, there were wishing to avenge his personal enemies - the phrase "conscious cooperation" is very comprehensive, and therefore accuse a person is worth nothing.
Ukraine and the fight for clean power
«Lustration in Ukraine should be carried out immediately!" It is with such slogans are the protesters is not the first revolution.For the first time seriously talking about lustration after the "Orange Revolution" in 2004.
Then in the Verkhovna Rada was registered just 2 bill on lustration.According to one of them, lustration should be carried out in relation to those involved in the administration of the state, except for the president and his administration functionaries.In another bill limits assumed for all who are directly or indirectly collaborated with the security organs of the USSR.
willingness of the Ukrainian society to forgive
Neither then nor now, no draft law has not been adopted.According to experts (sociologists, political scientists, and so on. N.), Lustration in Ukraine is impossible, t. To. The society is too wants revenge and is unlikely to be true with respect to any and all officials.
The requirements for "interim government" activists of the Maidan in 2014, in particular, stipulates the requirements for candidates are: innocence to governments, starting in 2010;practical experience of at least 5 years in senior positions, in Vol. h. and in government;innocence to the 100 richest people in Ukraine, and so on. n.
As of April 9, 2014 in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine has already registered four of the bill, involving cleaning of all levels of the Ukrainian government - is processes such as lustration judges, high-ranking and minor civil servants,law enforcement officers, and so on. d.
