Kronotsky Nature Reserve was established in 1934 in the Far East.Its width is an average of 60 km.On the 243 km coastline stretches.
readers will be interested to know where the Kronotsky Nature Reserve.It is located in the south-eastern part of Kamchatka, it refers to the administrative Elizovo district Kamchatka Region.In the town of Yelizovo is managing the reserve.
He takes on a variety of natural complexes and their appearance a special place among these territories in the Far East.Description of the Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve will be presented in this article.
First, a little history.Create these territories has begun several centuries before the assignment of the official status of the reserve.Since ancient times, according to witnesses, it spreads the tradition of nature conservation, mostly sables, which in large quantities here and had lived in the life of the local population of great importance.Initially, in 1882, there existed Sobolinsky Reserve.Then, in 1934, it was established in its place Kronotsky.
Reserve today - an area which is in the form irregular polygon.Its area is about 6 thousand. Km2.
terrain
This area is mountainous, only located on the coast plains.Kronotsky reserve - natural area, off the south-western border of which are volcanoes, two of which are current (and Unana Taunishits).Its conical shape and height stands out as an extinct Kronotsky (altitude - 3528 m), which is second only to Kamchatka key hill.Kronotsky Nature Reserve has many glaciers, which occupy 14 thousand hectares.Of these, some have a pretty impressive size, and others - interesting form.For example, Tyushevskii glacier length is 8 km.Geysers and hot springs are located in depressed areas.
Caldera Uzon
Uzon Caldera is the main attraction of such an object as the Kronotsky Nature Reserve.It arose from the fact that rocks fell, creating a low circular frame.There is a large number of cold and warm lakes.The largest of these are: cold and warm Fumarolnoye Central.Rocky and steep inner slopes of the caldera.Outside, on the contrary, curtains.They move into a vast plateau.Powerful Griffins are in the central part of the caldera, and a funnel filled with hot water and mud pots (for example, a sculptor who every 3 seconds "sculpts" formations resembling roses).All this - the unique natural sites of Kronotsky reserve.
Valley of Geysers
striking Geyser Valley in Kamchatka mystery and beauty.Particularly impressive is the sound of water, and many rivers and keys with numerous colored algae, whose color varies from black to orange and green.Its beauty is impressive waterfall p.Noisy.Its waters fall from a height of 80 meters.To date, the Geyser Valley are 22 active geysers.They all have there own cycle of activity and name.Fountain (name geyser) is good because it erupts every 17 minutes.But the big man, the head of the geysers, makes his "performances" to wait up to five hours.The largest is a Giant in Kamchatka.Kronotsky reserve - a place where there are unstable, horizontal geysers, pink cone New Fountain, Fountain, Double, Pearl, as well as hot springs such as Floating, Malachite Grotto and others.
man who came to the Valley of Geysers first time, seen staggering fantastic.Should visit at least for the sake of spectacle Kronotsky State Nature Reserve.Description of the Valley of Geysers is difficult to convey in words.World it is so unreal, it seems like being on another planet.There are paints that are quite peculiar landscapes of the Earth - on a background of green cedar, as well as leaves of trees - purple, red, brown, the color of baked clay earth.Before the limit is saturated and the air smells of sulfur vapor.Around all the bubbles, hisses and rages!Large and small boilers, volcanoes underfoot seething clay and earth.You can not go a single step off the trail - scald.From the cracks and crevices rising steam, which "off" small geysers.
showing a positive role in enhancing the volcanic processes temperature reservoirs, which attracts in the winter not only waterfowl and waterfowl, but also bears and bighorn sheep.At the same time due to volcanic gases poisoning killed a significant number of mammals and birds inhabiting the Kronotsky Nature Reserve.For example, in Death Valley often find dead animals.They attract large predators scavengers.However, to get out to these animals can not.
ponds in the reserve
More than 800 bodies of water there in the reserve.They constitute about 3% of the total protected area.Old Semyachik River flows in the southern part of the reserve.The largest rivers are the Bogachevka and Kronotsky.The length of the last 39 kilometers.It follows from the Kronotsky Lake and forms many islands and oxbows.Bogachevka longest of its superior.Its length is 72 kilometers and a depth of not more than 1.2-1.5 meters.This river has a typical mountain character.It is rough cut in the upper reaches of the steep slopes, the ground freezes in winter.
many lakes located on the reserve.The deepest - Kronotskoye.It resembles the outline of an isosceles triangle.
Climate Reserve
this territory belongs to the Pacific coast of Chukotka on the climatic region.Formed under the influence of the climate of the Pacific Ocean.Its formation is also influenced by mountainous terrain of the territory.Summer in the reserve cool and humid, with frequent fogs and drizzle and light winds from the south.In the autumn is warm and dry weather with plenty of sunshine.However, in November, winter begins.It is characterized by cold strong winds, sometimes reaching hurricane strength, as well as snowfall.Under the influence of the warm spring weather begins avalanches.This is especially true for narrow valleys, mountain streams and steep slopes.
Soils
The reserve of soil formed under the influence of volcanic activity.Standing rejuvenation of the soil contributes to getting into her ashes.Due to this it is also saturated with minerals.These soils have a high water permeability and loose constitution, which is very favorable for the growth of various plants.
plant species in the reserve
600 species of vascular plants found in the reserve, as well as 113 species of lichens.Among rare relates difazistrum Sitka, lichen, found on the rocks.In the reserve there are 85 species of bryophytes, 6 - ferns.Among them you can find rare species such as growing on damp meadows Thelypteris palustris, the Valley of Geysers - spleenwort engraved, the rocks of the Pacific coast - a green spleenwort and cryptogram written, growing on rocky areas.
forms thickets of elfin cedar over a wide area.In some places in the reserve you can find elegant fir and spruce Ayan.Last up to 25 meters in height, and age it may be 300 years old.It is also interesting to shade-tolerant.Graceful fir can be found on the south-eastern area.It is an ornamental plant with a beautiful cone-shaped crown.
Herbs, flowers
The reserve of medicinal plants have been found: voskovik felt having a resinous odor, and nettle ploskolistnaya.In Goltsova growing area known as Rhodiola rosea, which is also called the golden root.Rue Thunberg, a rare species, growing in the forests of Erman.There is also a woody vine, covered with sky-blue and purple flowers.In the marshes and ponds found floating zheltotsvetkovaya marigold.Goldthread trifoliate with white flowers and dark green leaves lives on moss bogs.Bright flowers in various parts of the mountain tundra, pebbles, rocks, rock streams, peat bogs and swamps stand the poppy plant.Blooms on open slopes clove creeping.Many are on the reserve heather plants that stand out for their bright colors in its various parts.Also common are 4 types of violets, whose colors - from white to blue.You can find among the berries blueberry and cranberry bog, cranberries small and ordinary.
Only one species among willow trees reach a height of 25 meters.It Sakhalin willow.The remaining trees - shrubs.
Provided tall angelica bearish, which reaches a height of 2-3 meters.Landmarks poisonous grows right in the water.
Representatives of the lily are characterized by a special beauty.There are in the reserve lily black and purple, purple-red and bright white.Here you can also find decorative plants belonging to the orchid family.For example, in the upper river.Geyser was found a unique flower.It spiranthes Chinese.He inflorescence spirally twisted, there are small bright pink flowers.
in the reserve among the rare species listed in the Red Book, there are: fir and elegant shoe macranthon.
Animals that live in the area
Kronotsky reserve, the fauna is very diverse, yet inferior to the rest of the species composition of Kamchatka.This is due to its location.For instance, the amphibian fauna of the reserve is represented by a Siberian salamander.Generally there is in the area of reptiles.
Some species have a very interesting story of penetration into Kronotsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve.For example, a small black pine longhorn beetle accidentally hit here with wood.He appeared in Uzon caldera because of shipping back fin helicopter.The fin is used as fuel tourism parking.
Birds
Kronotsky State Biosphere Reserve - an area in which identified 69 colonies of seabirds.Predominate numerically lund, Pacific gull, Pacific guillemots, cormorants Berin.There are also found with a significantly smaller number of such representatives as serokrylaya gull, slender-billed murre and Horned.Especially interesting lund.This bird brown color, medium in size with red beak, much flattened on the sides.Behind her eyes are white long feathers.This interesting bird nests in burrows that it digs into the soft soil on the cliff top.The rocks also nest crows, swifts belopoyasnye, Steller's sea eagle and mohonogy Konyukov.
in Kronotsky Bay, in Olga Bay, which never freezes, there are 1.5 thousand birds.Numerically predominant among them: Pacific black scoter, long-tailed duck, King Eider, hawk-nosed scoter, harlequin duck.Many here as crows and gulls.
marshy tundra lakes inhabited: Red-necked Grebe, Red-throated Diver, pintail, wigeon, teal, kurpan hook-nosed, black scoter, common and black-headed gull.It nests in small numbers whooper swan, which became rare.
sea lions and sea otters
At Cape Kozlov in 1942, there were more than a thousand sea lions, as well as several hundred more to West Point.The number of these animals today is only 700 individuals.They belong to a rare sight, the sea lions are listed in the Red Book of Russia.They are now under special protection.
sea otter is native inhabitants of Eastern Kamchatka, its coasts.In the 19th century the population of this species has been very great, but at the beginning of the 20th century it has completely disappeared.Who sea otters have returned on their own in the Kronotsky State Nature Reserve.They number only about 120 animals.
Ringed seal and common seal inhabit the coastal waters of the reserve.They are listed as endangered.
Large Animals Kronotsky reserve
Reindeer lives in lowland coastal strip.There are of predatory fox, wolverine, weasel.In Kamchatka, home to bright colors and large size of a fox.On yagodnikovyh tundra in late July, feeding bears.They live in the coastal strip of bighorn sheep that feed on shrubs and grasses available to feed algae on the shore.Number occurring in Kamchatka reindeer is now at a critical level.One of the main tasks of the reserve is its recovery.Kamchatka marmot - another inhabitant of the highlands, who lives on the short grass areas.
species living in kamennoberezovikah
common among species that inhabit the kamennoberezovikah, nuthatch, pow, small spotted woodpecker, the Chinese Greenfinch, Bullfinch, Yurok, pestrogrudaya and red-breasted flycatcher, pale thrush, red-flanked bluetail deaf and Cuckoo, capercaillie, three-toed woodpecker.Here nest from predators goshawk, hobby, eagle.A large number of lives Okhotsk cricket.
sable, brown bear
Predators released sable, which eats voles, ptarmigan, small passerines, rowan berry, blueberry and shiksha, cedar nuts.Soboli while reducing the amount of food begin to starve and roam in his quest.Sometimes it turns into a huge migration to the area.In search of food in recent years, animals are so depleted that come into the villages, losing the fear of man, and in the trash looking for a meal.Kronotsky Biosphere Reserve - an area where common brown bear.It differs from other types of large scale.
Other animals
Olive Thrush lives in krupnostvolnyh lowland forests of the Kamchatka Peninsula.Kronotsky reserve inhabits as hare, inhabiting the river valleys.They nest in larch grosbeak and tit.There is also a great spotted woodpecker and the Shrike, Shrike.This is the only place in the nature reserve, home to the protein.
Fish
Almost bezrybny clean rivers of this territory before the mass the salmon run.This move - a beautiful sight, because a huge number of fish, gleaming in the sun, swim in absolutely clear water.This attracts birds such as goldeneye, harlequin duck, a large and long-nosed mergansers, scaup.
gophers and marmots
Bering gopher reaches high numbers at the foot of volcanic cones.Kamchatka marmots live in the lava flows.
Joining Koryak Reserve
Most recently, in April 2015, attached to the Koryak Kronotsky Nature Reserve.Thus, the latter expanded the borders.Located in the Koryak Reserve Olyutorskii Penzhina and districts of the region.It was created in 1995 to protect the nesting sites, flight of waterfowl and the whole complex ecosystem located in northern Kamchatka.Rivers are its major spawning grounds for salmon.There remains in the territory of the reserve is one of the largest in Russia, merlin falcon populations for which protection is carried out at the international level.
