The largest and longest river in the Vologda region is Sukhona.She - the main component of the water flow under the name of the Northern Dvina.Sukhona River, photos of which are shown below, has a length of 558 km, the basin area of its more than 50 thousand square meters.km.Its name is derived from the word "suhodna", which means "dry down".Home Kubensky she takes from the lake, there is divided into 2 sleeve: Big Puchkas and Sukhona.The main feature is that of natural causes in the spring it changes its direction of flow.R. Sukhona has a depth of 100 m. There is a small number of rapids and rocky islands.
Geographic features
River Sukhona Vologda region, stretching nearly 560 km, flows to the southeast in its upper reaches, then turns to the north and connects with the South River.Pool includes more than 4 hundreds of rivers and streams around 6000.There are also lakes, but most of them are quite small, the area of which barely exceeds 0.4 km.In the catchment area can be seen dense planting forests, which occupy about 70% of the total space.There are swamps.Stoke Kubensky lake where the river originates Sukhona controlled by building a dam a few years ago.
little history
Beach Sukhona been mastered in the V century BC.Russian people came to this earth much later, in the XI century.It flows through Arkhangelsk and Central Russia, which allowed to transport from one place to another different materials.While it is the most important artery, which allows us to develop industry and trade.Carrying out hydrological work to improve the conditions for navigation, the researchers found, which runs Sukhona: North Dvina.Such information has enabled it to expand transport capacity.
In the XIX century different parts of the river were called differently.For example, the distance from the lake to the Vologda Kubensky called Rabangoy (name arose after the construction on the banks of the river Rabangskogo monastery) from Vologda to Dvinitsa River - Lower Sukhona after Dvinitsa River - Great Sukhona.
Commercial use
Through Northern Dvina River system Sukhona connected with the Volga.In its territory, it is navigable, but during the summer traffic flow is inhibited because of lack of water, especially in the lower reaches.Since 1990, passenger traffic was stopped as it was too expensive and unprofitable business.At the moment, due to the waste disposal area some rivers are heavily polluted with phenol, so drink unboiled water is prohibited.Such ecological state of flux detrimental effect on the surrounding area.
River Sukhona Vologda region at the moment is quite important artery of the country, though work on its improvement (expansion channel deepening) is not provided.
Hydrology
snow Mostly food.April begins the flood, because of which the upper reaches form large spills (up to several kilometers).River Sukhona freezes in November-December, and opened only towards May.
divided into three trends:
- top (the mouth).Mostly steady flow.The width of the river channel does not exceed 200 m. On the banks are located woods and meadows.
- average (from the mouth to Totma).For a quick, restless.Forest gets closer to the water flow.The depth is 100 m, width of channel - 240 m. In this area there are many shoals.
- Lower (below Totma).Forest rises to the water completely.The course is fast.The width of the river in some areas up to 400 m. The islands have been seen before, completely covered with water.
Fauna
Sukhona River has 58 species of fish, including 3 species of lampreys.Distributed following:
- Putin - smelt, smelt;
- securities - whitefish, whitefish;
- krupnochastikovye - perch, bream.
Here are found very rare and protected aquatic animals: nelmushka, trout, salmon, sturgeon, lake char.
fauna of forests, located on the banks of the River Sukhona, is particularly diverse.There are frequent guests foxes, elks, wild boars, hares, wolves, bears.Slightly less possible to meet lynx, marten, otter, mink, raccoon, mole, ermine.They nest in these places geese, ducks, can be seen as the grouse, partridge and grouse.
Flora
territory adjacent to the river area is divided into two subspecies: Forest and South Forest.70% of the territory is covered by forests, particularly spruce.In the eastern region can be found fir, larch, pine.In the southwest germinate only lichen pine forests, this is due to sparse vegetation Badlands.In the south - the mountain ash and lime.Less often found aspen and birch forests they replace felled spruce trees.Swamps occupy 10% of the total area.Here you can see the stunted pine, birch.14% are meadows and arable land.On the grasslands it accounts for only 7%.Dominated by grass, sedge and vlazhnotravnye landing.In the valley also grow krupnoosokovye Sukhona and tallgrass forest.
Track diversity of water flow from its source to its mouth is quite possible, because the river Sukhona on the map is visible very well.For example, in the area from Kubensky lake to the village of Shuya is birch wood, which sometimes grow aspen, spruce and alder.For natural reasons, it is strongly backed by the coast, which is now located on wide meadows.On p.Shumsky Tot'ma before they are replaced by forests.Then the river, making a turn to the north, moving away from him again.Closer to the coast is only suitable forest near the inflow Tolshma River.In a place where the river comes to the mouth, it gives way to steep banks.
environmental situation
At present environmental situation Sukhona not happy.At least it contains lignosulfonates which content exceeded 30 times.Scientists report that the river every day receives 180 thousand. M3 of industrial and domestic water containing organic matter.At the moment, due to non-compliance with water quality standards, is fed from Sukhona remains at a low level, while in some areas, this state has reached a critical point.On its banks built a record number of plants, which adversely affect the condition of the water flow.The fact that in 2006, under the threat of flooding due to excessive snowmelt region threatens ecological disaster speaks volumes.
On the banks Sukhona is a great city and the birthplace of Santa Claus - Great Ustyug.Here there is a lot of things that characterize the Russian city dome lace hut bell.In addition, the settlement on the river built Falcon and Tot'ma.
Previously, the water flow is important for the state, as evidenced named after him Sukhonsky Street, which is located in one of the districts of Moscow.Unfortunately, the water flow ceased to be appreciated, and his condition is getting worse every day.
