Russian language, as we know, one of the richest in the world.Lexical structure is so diverse that in addition to the standard rules, there are additional provisions, exceptions and other tools to facilitate the graphic representation of speech.Spelling combines rules on how to correctly write words and meaningful parts.The discipline includes information about defisnyh and distinct style, use of capital letters and Transfer.All this system is also called spelling.There are three principles of building structural elements of speech: morphological, phonetic and semantic.This article will look at some basic rules, which contain language (Russian).
unstressed vowels: Understanding
Using graphics, shapes spelling the word mark in a proper manner and grammatical form.This system design have a single graphic image.It usually has a certain value, unconnected with the sound side of the element of speech.All unstressed vowels in the root can be divided into several groups.For each of them has its own rules.This article will look at what constitutes a word with unstressed vowels.
incidence of
start learning unstressed vowels, verifiable accent.Let us to begin with the term.Verifiable unstressed vowels are elements that cause some doubt in writing on several occasions.To overcome these difficulties, there are words that Doubtful Sound are in a strong position.Thanks to this writer sees, how to properly write unstressed vowels in the root.For example: water (water) or heat (fever), fox (fox).These speech elements present verifiable unstressed vowels.
Vocabulary design
above described unstressed vowels root, check out the stress.Consider the case where there is no speech in the structure in which it would be clear how to write a letter in the "weak" position.That is, there is unverifiable unstressed vowels.Such elements are contained in sufficient quantities in the reference literature.They need to remember.This, for example, what words?Unstressed vowels and have borrowed and original Russian structures: vinaigrette, utilitarian garden, a privilege. The same list could include the words antagonism steak cannonade initiative macaque. This includes word Grease, demagogue, holster, badminton, airship, bondage, criminology, view, optimism eulogy. Also on the list are fairly well-known concepts: confusion, delusion, lobby, bagpipes, delicacy, expense, waste paper, occasion. unchecked unstressed vowels present in such elements as: clay, range, ring, charm, scrag, tunnel native Esperanto. And this is not the entire list.At the beginning of the study of these structures often turn to writing reference books.
connecting letters
In a speech used different words with unstressed vowels.In some designs, letters operate connecting function.This need arises formation of complex structures.Typically, these structures consist of two words (roots).The connecting function is performed by certain letters.In these cases, easy to remember, which unstressed vowels are present in the structure.
Thus, when fusion of parts of the international character used "e" and "o".The connecting vowel is used in a letter after the pair and at the same time hard consonants.In this case, use the "o".Once paired, and at the same time soft and sibilant "n" and "g" used "e".Examples of words, where there are the letters: outlook storublёvy, mousetrap, hay, therapeutic mud, sheep, old Russian, millennial, Moskvoretsky, ninety, a voice recorder. The same list could include: employer, disposable, vacuum cleaner, wet-paint, explorer.By considered category include: public, sound engineer, maslosyrovarenny, tea. Among such structures are also present: horse breeding and horse thief, blood and bruising, and pesnetvorchestvo chant dalnepritselny and farsighted, and others.
letter "O", "A", "I", "and", "s"
consider other complex words with unstressed vowels.The letter "o" decided to write after the "e" or "and" in designs that are the first part of the basics to -s, and -iya -eya.For example: bacteria (bacillicarrier), religion (religious studies), chemicals (chemotherapy), trachea (tracheobronchitis), history (historiography), museum (museology, but the exception museology).In some cases, it provided the "e" and "o" Letters, coinciding with the case ending speech elements, most of which are present in complex combinations.Apply:
1. "I" - in the words that have the first half:
- "himself" (for example, self-centered, but there are words-exceptions: cost);
- "time" (example: pastime vremyaischislenie);
- "name" (worshiping);
- "seed" (ovule, but exceptions semenohranilische, imenoslov, seed).
2. "A" - speech in such elements as "crazy" and "insane", as well as in the construction of which the first parts are:
- "of forty" (sorokasvechovy, fortieth,Forty-but: Prayers, centipede);
- "sesquilinear" (eighteen months, polutoratonny, polutorastaletny).
"AND" and "s"
Letter "and" used in words that are in the first half, some numerals.Examples: a seven-month, ten-year, the sixtieth anniversary, tridtsatitomny, triune, shamrock, triipostasny, trinity (but: tripod, triangle).The same list include such structures as: flirt, daredevil, uncle Stepin, vyrviglaz.
1. The compound words (in the end of the first half) put "and" and "but":
- air, aqua, mega-, media, maximum, millimeter, mini (as well as allwords having the first part).
2. The "and" is also used in words with parts:
- -meter (eg, dosimetry);
- -fitsirovat and -fikatsiya (eg, electrification).
3. The letter "s" is present in such elements of speech, such as "Anna Petrovnin" or "Baba Dusya's."
borrowed design
There are elements of speech, which can not apply rules of spelling.This happens in cases where the root word belong to different languages.For example, a combination of unstressed "RA", "la" (the gates, head), being nepolnoglasnymi, Old Slavic origin and are always written with the letter "a".At the root of the word with this combination, is used today, corresponds to the "Oro", "Olo" (Gates, head).
spelling rules can not be extended to foreign-language design, since words with unstressed vowels may differ from those in which the suspected component is in a strong position.
Rules speech elements with alternating "on" and "and"
Some verbs in perfect form (if words with unstressed vowel "o" for example) can not be used to verify the design in an imperfect verb.For example, late - late, but not late;swallow - sip, not swallow, and so on.In other words, in these cases can not be used to verify the verb imperfect suffix -iva- (-yva-).Also, in case of doubt, "trample" should use a form of "trampling", but not "trample".
cases alternation "e" and "i"
should be treated carefully to write words with homonymous roots.In such designs questionable elements are pronounced the same, but they are designated in writing different letters.We can compare pairs: to sit (sat) and turn gray (ETS).After a soft consonant and sizzling letter "e" is pronounced in accordance with the stress as "e" and "o".If the letter is designated as "f" and "g".Example: rustle (rustling) and silk (silk).
Writing questionable characters after the "n"
When writing non-Russian proper names, for example, place names after a consonant "n" in the words should be written "u" and "me."Example: Zurich.If a syllable stroke, the writing should be "on" if the letter is so pronounced.It should be written in the derivatives of the word.Example: clatter, tsokotat.Also, use the letter "o" should be in foreign words.Example: Duke.When writing the words with the letter "c" in the root of the letter should be written "and" instead of "s", for example, the word "circus".But this rule, there are some exceptions, when a word is necessary to write the letter "s": Roma, chicken, on tiptoe, tsyts and their derivatives.They should remember.
difficult cases in spelling
There are some designs that do not fall under the rules.They need to remember.For example, when writing such words as "Velvet" in a strong position used the letter "a" (velvet), but in unstressed position used to be "about" (velvet ribbon).When writing this element of the speech as "kids" in a weak position should write "e".The same letter is used and mainly the word "children", where the emphasis is being written, and "e", and derived from him - "children".However, when writing a speech element "child" to use the letters "and".Just as in the word "little child", where the stress is written "and".Problems may arise with such speech elements as a "magnet".This word (Greek in origin) in a number of single-root structures has stressed vowel "e", and in a weak position, the sound is designated as "f" and "and".Example: the magnet, the magnet;radio, magnetism.
presence of such variants in spelling writing supported by secondary stress in the introductory part of compound words in the letter "e" or "and".They also differ in pronunciation.At the root of the financial term "debit" the second vowel in the root word is always unstressed.In this structure, as a "debit", it is transmitted by the letter "e" in the word "debtor" - the letter "I".The basis of such words as "infection" and "disinfection" in the state of stress is spelled "e".In a weak position to use should be "and".When writing the difference in the use of the letters can be explained by the origin of the source substrate.In such cases, the definition spelled correctly carried out by means of a reference book.
role in the practice spelling Spelling
serves as a means of linguistic communication in writing.This fact certainly makes it pretty important discipline for society.Spelling and sound development of the entire system database language as a whole are in constant interaction.Accepted spelling rules are binding on all people who write, no matter the man is a letter, an article, a statement or an ad in the newspaper.No wonder the spelling begin to study with primary school.For children, it is part of the school curriculum as one of the main subjects.When writing native Russian and borrowed words should be used strictly established rules.If precarious position is not subject to any of them, you should refer to the reference books to find a complex case and try to remember it.
