Derivation - an integral part of the language.Without it there would be no new words, jargon, names of new inventions and more.Without derivation modern language would not be so rich and easy to communicate, many words have sunk into oblivion would, would not historicism.Through this process our daily speech is complicated and improved.That is why you need to know the laws of word formation and be able to do the analysis of word derivation.
little theory
Word formation (derivation) - the creation of new, often more complex words from simpler.This process is an integral part of such sciences as linguistics.In the words of word formation are divided into primary (from which the new word) and derivatives (which are obtained by means of word formation).Word formation - a complex process, which is why for him there are several methods.On these (or some of them) and we will discuss in this article, and eventually learn how to make word-formation analysis of words and much more.In addition, we will learn much more than that told us at school, at the Russian language lessons.And maybe you can explain to your child that could not intelligibly explain the teacher.
Addition of two bases
In today's world because of the abundance of words and their specifications are increasingly used this method of word formation as the addition of two bases.Most often this occurs because the addition: two words, such as "water" and "conduct", is the root.It turns out, "Water" and "wire".These roots are joined by a connecting vowel "o".It turns out a new word: "water", meaning the system works, often located underground, the water is delivered from the place of "mining" in place of its consumption.This is one of the easiest methods of derivation.
Build bases and word
Of course, there are ways and more difficult than the first.For example, the addition of bases and the whole word.Take the word "hydroelectric power" and let us divide it by."Hydra", "electric" and "station".As you can see, the vowel "o" are connecting from the word "electricity" have taken root only "RE" (from "electron").But the word "station" left to live fully in the present derivatives.So with the help of word-formation parsing words can define the way of his education.
Abbreviatcija
Often we use abbreviations in the speech, not the whole words.For example, names of organizations, educational institutions and even countries.For example, "Moscow State University" - the Moscow State University.This method is called a literal abbreviation, t. E. In the pronunciation of abbreviations, we are obliged to pronounce the letters of the word.However, there are sound abbreviation, such as "NATO", "United Nations" and "school".With this abbreviation we utter sounds, not letters.Create acronyms will also help in the analysis of word-formative word.
Substantivation
Do not be afraid of the term, because Substantivation called just such a property of words, the transition from one part of speech to another.For example, "ice cream" (as a noun and as an adjective), "off" (the same), "toothbrush", "hot", and so on. D. It should be noted that in the Russian language, the transition usually takes place just between nouns and adjectives.Obviously, the morphemic analysis and derivational word is passed from one part of speech to another will change.
platformers
This method we know more from school."He ran - ran," "walked - walked away," "Road - Wayside", and so on.. Here everything is simple and clear.To the basis of the words prefixed with a value approach, the incompleteness of action, proximity to the subject, and so on. N. Often platformers way form adjectives (harmless - was involved in) and pronouns (anywhere else - where).
suffix
Usually these are two ways of word formation are studied in parallel.Most nouns are formed in this way (from the verb), and parts of speech such as the gerund and participle.For example: "position - to put" and "running - running."Here, to avoid confusion, it is possible to learn the suffixes are different parts of speech.This will help you make the derivation and analysis of speech analysis on the composition of a lot faster and easier.For example, analysis of the derivation of the word "pocket" will be the "Pocket -karman" (an adjective with the suffix -n-).
platformers-suffix
One of the most difficult ways of word formation.After all, one needs to look not only at the derivative of the word, but also on the lexical meaning of each of its morpheme.For example, the word "Pomerania", derived from the word "sea".But "seaside" is derived from the "sea", and it is already on the "sea".That is such a complex derivational chain.But I understand it is quite simple: if the word without the prefix or suffix is not used alone, then the process of education - platformers-suffix.If the word can easily live without attachment, but with the suffix, the method prefixed.If the word is used without the suffix, but with the prefix, the method suffix.That's all you need to remember and understand.
Bessuffiksny
Let's talk about this method of word formation as bessuffiksny.In this way, in the Russian language is formed by a lot of nouns.Of course, they are formed from verbs.How?Take the verb "fill" and uberёm ending "be" verb, and a suffix "a".We will remain a noun is feminine, the third declension, "mound".That is bessuffiksny method for forming - a process in which the verb cut off the end of the suffix, but in the end it turns a noun.So formed nouns: "tan" and "firebreak".But this method can form nouns and adjectives from, for example: "the depths", "calm", "intellectual" and so on. D.
Truncation root
Here, too, everything is clear."Dance + sex = dance floor."That is, in this way the word is cut to the bare bones - the root - and as such lives.Nothing unusual, complex or specific.Often this method is used to create slang words: "the teacher - the teacher," "Doctor - docking" and so on. D. This is perhaps the easiest way to the birth of new words.
How to make word-formation analysis of the word?
After we discussed the main ways of word formation in Russian (and those that we have described, in fact, only the main, but not all methods), you need to figure out how to do derivation analysis of the word.These are going to do.To everything was clear, as an example of the analysis do derivation of the word "melt".All information about this word will be placed in brackets for each item.
Roadmap word-formation analysis
- So, first we determine the parsing of the speech (in this case, the verb).
- try words in composition, that is, divide it by the morpheme.("Races" - the prefix, "tap" - root, "l" - verb suffix, "willow" - the suffix 'be' - end).
- Now look, if the word can exist without a set-top box (in this case, a non-existent word "taplivat").
- determines the way of education (we platformers-suffix).
- We make Derivational chain, ie, from a word is formed.You should get the word that remains after the separation of prefixes, suffixes, and so on. D. ("Melt - flushing").
So, on simple example, you can quickly and easily find out with how to do derivation analysis.The main thing is to know all the ways of word formation.But the lesson of our work is not finished.
What mistakes can be avoided by making word-formation analysis of the composition of words?
Word-formation analysis helps you to understand what part of the speech in front of you, and not to make careless mistakes.For example, everyone knows the rule that the suffixes -an- and -yan- adjectives written one letter -n-, while the full passive participles formed from the verb perfect form, two letters written -nn-.If you have made a chain of word-building, you will immediately become clear what part of the speech in front of you, and you do not make stupid mistakes.
Ironically, word formation is closely connected with punctuation.Again, this concerns adjectives, participle and verbal participle turns.After the penultimate stand comma, if there are defined after the word, and the last - ever.
Word-formation chain, and help you determine the meaning, and this in turn will clothe him in a competent, stylistically neutral design, blend in with the text and cleverly beat the word.This will help you in drafting speeches for public performances and beautiful, confident speech in everyday life.After each morpheme has its own meaning, which she carries.And forget about the important role of prefixes and suffixes can not be.
Interesting facts about the derivation
There is a word you want to say three and a half hours!And in order to write it down, you need one hundred eighty-nine thousand eight hundred nineteen characters of the alphabet (letters).This is the name of one of the proteins of titanium.Easier to read the title of this protein is relatively simple and quick: connectin.
English officially recognized as the richest language in the world.In it there are four hundred and ninety thousand words and more three hundred thousand professional and technical terms.This is several times larger than in any other language in the world.Learn to form new words from Englishmen, ladies and gentlemen!There
Aspect dictionaries that reflect the morphemic structure of words, all kinds of private signs of the word, including the word-forming derivative.That would be all of a dictionary!Then have problems with spelling words and give a grade, no one was.
In conclusion, I would say ...
As you can see, word formation - the most important part of the Russian language, ignorance of which can lead to the elementary and even funny mistakes in the section spelling, punctuation, vocabulary and even style.
Learn and love your native language!Do not make stupid mistakes!
