Biology - one of the most important sciences, it is directly related to many other disciplines and is able to tell about a person not less than the story.The subject of the study are living organisms, the patterns of their existence and development of relationships with the environment and origin.Together with physics and chemistry science refers to a natural, designed to work with nature.Learn the basic steps of the development of biology, you can get an idea of how impressive the way done this discipline.Also, you should familiarize yourself with its further prospects.
emergence of the term
Of course, science is one of the oldest in the natural direction.But the term has appeared not so long ago.A brief history of the development of biology begins only since 1797, when a German professor of anatomy named Theodore Roose suggested such a designation for this science.In 1800, they enjoyed Professor University of Dorpat Burden, and in 1802 it can be found in the most important works of Lamarck and Treviranus.Directly related to the conditions of social life, biology has developed steadily.New research methods appear regularly, modern knowledge can look differently to the old theory, but without studying the early stages of development of knowledge about science would be incomplete.
ancient period
collect information about living things people began immediately after we began to perceive itself as one of the unique parts of the world.The ancient literary monuments of Egypt, India and Babylon you can find a variety of data on the structure of animals or plants, of the properties and applications in medicine and agriculture.In the fourteenth century BC, the Mesopotamians used the cuneiform tablets, which contained a systematization of species of organisms.The development of evolutionary ideas in biology was at that time still in the distant future, but if people have learned to separate the animals for carnivores and herbivores, have determined that plants can be medicinal and agricultural, were even able to trace some of the causes of hereditary similarities of children and parents.In particular, the Indian medical works dating from the fourth century BC, describe the characteristics of living organisms, and a variety of information transmission from generation to generation.Useful information is also in "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana".
emergence of scientific schools
historical development of biology is directly related to the emergence of certain trends.Scientific schools have arisen during the period of the slave system in Greece, Alexandria and Rome.Ionian school developed the "natural laws" that govern the world - already philosophers denied supernatural origin of life.Moreover, Alcmaeon was able to study the optic nerves, embryo development in birds and identify an important role as the center of the brain thinking.Famous scientist Hippocrates first described the structure in the history of human and animals, pointed to the effects of environment and heredity on the body in the event of illness.This largely determined the prospects of development of biology.The School of Athens the works of Aristotle, who created four important treatise with a variety of information about the animals.He first identified several kingdoms, interconnected.In the future, this system will become a "ladder of creatures" and will determine the classification of organisms, allocates pets, birds flying and fish.
study of human anatomy
Quick development of biology in the slave period can be described not only as the study of various classifications, but also as a moment of the most important works on anatomy.The scientist compared the device Gerofil animals and humans, indicating the difference between veins and arteries.Erasistratus able to describe in detail the hemispheres of the brain, identify the presence of gyri and cerebellum.Systematize these data, scientists from Rome, such as Pliny the Elder, who became the author of "Natural History."During this period of development biology dodarvinsky leading experts have noted the similarity of human and ape.For example, Claudius Galen conducted the autopsy of mammals and was a comparative anatomical descriptions of people and primates.These activities have seriously affected the development of physiology and anatomy, so a brief history of the development of biology is incomplete without them.
Medieval period
Middle Ages linked to the dominant religion.A brief history of the development of biology does not include virtually any new developments related to this period.Knowledge based on the works of Aristotle, Galen, and Pliny.The perception of the world was distorted by religious and philosophical views.Chief scientist and philosopher Abu Ali Ibn Sina also known as Avicenna, studied the causal laws of nature and philosophizing about eternity.Scientific breakthroughs do not happen, and the next historical period biology came in his ancient form.
Renaissance Revival or
After years of dictatorship theologians came the crash of former principles and norms of feudal society.A brief history of the development of biology notes during this period as a major leap in the development of science, then called science.Outstanding scientists of the Renaissance was the Leonardo da Vinci.He described the plant and equipment of flight of birds, studied the activity of the heart and the principle of the connection of bones and joints, worked on the visual function of the eyes and homologous organs, he stressed the similarity of human devices and some animals.An important work was also the work of Andreas Vesalius, the so-called "Seven books about the structure of the human body."Harvey was discovered blood circulation, and Borelli studied the mechanisms of movement.Before people have opened a whole new perspective of biology that are not available during a religious rule.
significant breakthrough
Renaissance has given scientists new opportunities.The result was a leap in scientific knowledge that led to differentiation.A brief history of biology can mark this period as a time of division into separate disciplines.For example, botany began to develop, and the invention of the microscope has allowed progress in anatomy and physiology.Carl Linnaeus was the creator of the detailed classification of animals entering the division into classes, orders, genera and species.It was he singled mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, insects and worms.He took human primates.Another prominent figure was the Leibniz who developed the doctrine of the "ladder of creatures" theory, which relied heavily on past data, but this was quite innovative.
emergence of cell theory
Briefly development of biology, it is possible to note the nineteenth century as the time of occurrence of evolutionary tracts and basic embryology.The scientists Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory, thanks to the work of Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch and Lister developed bacteriology.The main event was a treatise "The Origin of Species", predetermined the further development of science.The contribution made not only Darwin and Mendel, which describes the laws of the existence of genes and their influence on heredity.At the same time began to appear on the application of the ideas of physics and chemistry to study the phenomena of life.
Twentieth Century
last century was the most intense time of the new information that has just experienced Science Biology, Grade 9 any modern school is now studying the data are not available even best minds of the nineteenth century.In the forties was discovered the role of DNA in 1953, scientists were able to determine its structure, and in 1961 - to decipher it.The mechanisms of protein synthesis allowed to appear molecular genetics, working with nucleic acids.All this was a giant step, allowing a person to go to a new method of studying the phenomena of life.In April 1961 the first man to be in space.The day can be called a moment of the appearance of the space industry of science.In dodarvinsky period of development biology it is was impossible to imagine.Already in the seventies, scientists began work on genetic engineering that allowed medicine to discover a whole new perspective.
modern period and the future of science
Twenty-first century made incredible knowledge accessible to man.Everywhere studied biology, Grade 9 high school allows children to learn about zoology, botany and anatomy more than ever able to study for a century, and the prospects of science seem to be really brilliant.Continued separation of the individual areas in the new disciplines - develop helminthology, arachnoentomology, ornithology, mycology, bryology, immunology, bacteriology and many other sciences.This differentiation allows experts to focus on each specific problem, accelerating information about these or other events.However, there is an integration of Science, why there biochemistry, cytogenetics and other areas.
Nevertheless, modern methods of work directly related to the story.The scientists used the same methods as a few centuries ago, but convert the received data helping them new technologies.Unique equipment allows completely different experiments that were previously only simple experiments, and now may lead to revolutionary results.Future perspectives suggest an impressive scientific and technological progress, which will allow better study the genetics, physiology and many other branches of biology, allowing also hope for the maximum development of medicine that can change the duration and conditions of human life.
