names - a popular poetic decoration country.They talk about the character of the people, its history, its tendencies and characteristics of life.( Paustovsky )
Throughout our lives, from birth to his death, various geographical names accompany us.We live on the Eurasian continent, in Russia, in a particular area or region, in a city, town, village and village, and each of these objects has its own name.
Thus, place-name - the name of the continents and oceans, countries and geographic areas, cities and streets in them, rivers and lakes, gardens and natural sites.Origin and semantic content, the historical roots and the change over the centuries pronunciation and spelling of names of geographical features special science studies - place names.
What toponymics
word "place names" comes from two Greek words: topos - place onyma - name.This discipline is a branch of Onomastics - section of linguistics studying proper names.Toponymy is an integral science that operates at the intersection of linguistics, geography and history.
Geographical names do not appear in the "empty" location noticing certain features of terrain and the nature, the people who lived nearby, called them, emphasizing characteristics.Over time, the people that I am living in a particular region, but the name remained and were used by those who replaced.The basic unit for the study of place names is a place-name.Names of cities and rivers, villages and hamlets, lakes and forests, fields and streams - all this Russian place names are very diverse as the time of occurrence, and for their cultural and linguistic roots.
What placename
In the literal translation from the Greek, the place-name is "the name of the place", that is the name of a geographic object: the continent, the continent, the mountains and the ocean, the sea and the country, city and street, natural sites.Their main purpose - fixing "binding" of a place on the Earth's surface.In addition, place names for historical science is not easy to name any geographical object and historic mark on the map, which has its own history of origin, linguistic origin and meaning.
On what grounds classify place names
uniform classification of names that would suit both linguists and geographers and historians, today does not exist.Classify place names on various grounds, but most often for the following:
- designated by type of geographical objects (hydronyms oronyms, dromonimy and others);
- the language (Russian, Manchu, Czech, Tatar and other names);
- historical (Chinese, Slavs and others);
- structure:
- simple;
- derivatives;
- complex;
- components; - by area.
Classification by area
greatest interest is the classification of the place names in their territorial as geographical objects, depending on their size attributed to either microtoponyms makrotoponimam.
microtoponyms are individual names of smaller geographical features and characteristics of the terrain and landscape.They are formed on the basis of language or dialect of the people or peoples living side by side.Microtoponyms very mobile and volatile, but, as a rule, limited territorial zone of distribution of a dialect, the dialect or language.
Makrotoponim - is, above all, the big names of the natural or created as a result of human activity of natural and socio-administrative units.The main characteristics of this group is to standardize and stability, as well as the breadth of use.
Species Geographical Names
The following types of names isolated modern toponymy:
| Types of names | Geographical names of objects | Examples |
| Astionimy | cities | Astana, ParisStary Oskol |
| oikonymy | settlements and settlements | village Kumylzhenskaya, village Finev Meadow, village Shpakovskoye |
| Urbonimy | various intercity include theaters and museums, gardens and squares, parks and embankments and other | City Garden in Tver, the stadium "Luzhniki", a residential complex "Expanse" |
| Godonimy | streets | Volkhonka street Revolutionary Guards |
| Agoronimy | areas | Palace and Trinity in St. Petersburg, Manege in Moscow |
| Geonimy | avenues and thoroughfares | Avenue of Heroes, 1st passage of the First Cavalry Lahti |
| Dromonimy | highways and roads of various types, usually extending beyond the settlements | Northern Railroad, the BAM |
| Horonimy | all areas, regions, districts | Moldavanka, Strigino |
| Pelagonimy | seas | White, Dead, Baltic |
| Limnonimy | Lakes | Baikal Karasyar, Onega, Trostenskoe |
| Potamonimy | rivers | Volga, Nile, Ganges, Kama |
| Gelonimy | marshes | Vasyugan, Sinyavinskaya, Sestroretsk |
| oronyms | hills, ridges, hills | Pyrenees and the Alps,Borovitsky hill Studenaya mountain and Dyatlova Mountain |
| antropotoponimy | occurred by last name or personal name | Strait of Magellan, the city of Yaroslavl, a lot of villages called Ivanovka |
How inclined place names
Word, place names,with Slavic roots and ends at -ev (a) -in (a), s (n), -yn (a), previously considered traditionally declines.However, in recent decades, they are increasingly used in indeclinable form as they previously used the professional military and academic geographers.
Declination of names, such as the Tsarina, Kemerovo, Sheremetyevo, Murino, Kratovo, Domodedovo, Komarovo, Medvedkovo and the like in the days of Anna Akhmatova was mandatory, but today both inflected and indeclinable forms are considered equally valid and drink.The exception is the name of settlements, if they are used as an application with the generic name (village, village, hamlet, town, city, etc.), then the right will not decline, for example in the area Strigino from the area Matyushino in Pushkino.If this is not a generic name, it can be used as declining, and indeclinable options: from Matyushino and away Matyushina in Knyazevo from Knyazev.
indeclinable
place names in the modern Russian language, there are some cases in which the place names ending in -o can be used only in unchanged form:
- Geographical names associated with the names of prominent historical figures, called the memorial.If the name ends in -o, it is not inclined, for example, in Repino Tuchkovo in the city Chapaevo.
- In case the place-name - is a compound word of two or more parts, hyphenated, and both sides end in -o, then the declination changes only the second part: Odintsovo-Vahrameeva in Orekhovo-in Ado-Tymove.If before such names are words city, town, the names of these settlements do not decline - Ado-Tymovo village, Odintsovo-Vahrameeva.
- Dictionary of names recommends using slozhnosostavnyh foreign geographical names not persuade them first part, for example, in Buenos Aires, in Alma-Ata.The exception to this case is the first part of the place name "River": in Frankfurt an der Oder, from Stratford-upon-Avon.
- In the case where not the same kind of geographical name and generic name, for example, in the village of Aduev, Chernyaevo from the village, the station blue.Generic names (village, the station, the village) is feminine, but the place names when they retain their shape average.
