There are many important deposits of natural substances to humans.It is the resources that are exhaustible and which must be protected.Without the development and production of many aspects of people's lives would be extremely difficult.
minerals and their properties - is the object and subject of study Geology Mining.The results obtained it is used for further processing and manufacture of many items.
minerals and their properties
What is generally called minerals?These are rocks or mineral structures that are of great national economic significance and are widely used in industry.
A variety of large, so the properties for each specific.There are several basic options concentrations of the substances in nature:
- placers;
- layers;
- veins;
- stocks;
- nest.
If we talk about the general dissemination of resources, we can distinguish:
- Province;
- areas;
- pools;
- field.
minerals and their properties depend on the specific type of material.It is this determined and the area of human use, as well as a method of extraction and processing.
kinds of minerals
There is not a classification of the considered materials.Thus, if the signs is based on the aggregate state, then release such species.
- Useful solid fossil.Examples: marble, salt, granite, metal ores, non-metallic.
- Liquid - underground mineral water and oil.
- gas - natural gas, helium.
If the division on the basis of applications of minerals, then the classification of the following form.
- Combustible.Examples: oil, shale oil, coal, methane and others.
- or magmatic ore.Examples: All raw materials containing metal ore, as well as asbestos and graphite.
- Aggregates.Examples: All raw material not containing metals (clay, sand, chalk, sand, etc.), and various salts.
- gems.Examples: precious and semi-precious and precious stones (diamonds, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, jasper, chalcedony, opal, carnelian and others).
on representation of diversity is obvious that the minerals and their properties - is the whole world, who studied a huge number of specialists geologists and miners.
main deposits of various mineral resources (minerals) are distributed fairly evenly across the planet according to the geological features.After all, a significant part of them is formed by the platform movements and tectonic eruptions.There are several major continents, which are most rich in almost all kinds of raw materials.It:
- Americas.
- Eurasia.
- Africa.
All countries, which are located in designated areas, extensive use of natural resources and their properties.In the same region, where its raw materials there, are exports.
Generally, of course, difficult to define a common plan of mineral resources.It all depends on the type of raw material.One of the most expensive are precious (precious metal) minerals.Gold, for example, is everywhere except Europe (listed above plus continents Australia).It is highly valued, and its production - one of the most popular events in the mining industry.
most rich in fuel resources is Eurasia.Alpine minerals (talc, barytes, kaolin, limestone, quartzite, apatite, salts) are common almost everywhere in large quantities.
Mining
order to extract mineral resources and prepare for, apply different methods.
- open way.The necessary raw materials extracted from quarries directly.Over time, this leads to the formation of vast ravines, is not so gentle to the environment.
- mining method - a right, but expensive.
- Fountain method of pumping oil.
- pumping method.
- Geotechnological ore processing methods.
Mining - this is an important and necessary process, however, leads to a very disastrous consequences.After all resources are exhaustible.Therefore, in recent years the emphasis is not on the high-volume production of mineral resources, namely their more correct and rational use of man.
Ore (igneous) rock
This group includes the most important and large volumes of mineral extraction.Ore - it is the formation of a mineral nature containing in a large amount or that the desired metal (other component).
Places mining and processing of such materials are called mines.Classify igneous rocks can be in four groups:
- ferrous metals;
- color;
- noble;
- non-metallic components.
These are some examples of ore mineral resources.
- Manganese ore.
- iron.
- Nickel.
- Argenta.
- Cassiterite.
- Beryl.
- Bourne.
- Chalcopyrite.
- Uraninite.
- Asbestos.
- Graphite and others.
Gold - ore fossil
there among ore and special minerals.Gold, for example.His production was relevant since ancient times, because it has always been highly valued by people.Today, gold is mined and washed almost every country in the territory of which there is at least his small field.
In nature gold occurs as native particles.The largest steel ingots found in Australia, weighing nearly 70 kg reservoir.Often, due to the weathering and erosion of deposits are formed in the form of deposits of sand grains of the precious metal.
From such mixtures recovered his money and sieving.In general, it is not too common and voluminous content minerals.Gold is therefore called the precious and noble metals.
Centers for mining of ore minerals are:
- Russia.
- Canada.
- South Africa.
- Australia.
Fossil Fuels
This group includes such mineral resources as:
- lignite;
- oil;
- gas (methane, helium);
- coal.
Application minerals of this kind - a fuel and raw material for various chemicals and substances.
Coal - it is fossil, which lies at a relatively shallow depth of broad layers.Its amount is limited to one particular field.Therefore, having exhausted one pool, people move on to another.In general, coal contains up to 97% carbon in pure form.He emerged historically as a result of the withering away and tamping herbal organic residues.These processes lasted millions of years, so it is now a huge amount of coal reserves on the planet.
Oil differently called liquid gold, which underlines how important it is a mineral resource.After all, the main source of high-quality fossil fuels, as well as its various components - the base, the raw material for chemical syntheses.Leaders in the oil are countries such as:
- Russia.
- USA.
- Algeria;
- Mexico.
- Indonesia.
- Venezuela.
- Libya.
Natural gas which is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, it is also an important industrial fuel.It refers to the cheap raw materials, so it is particularly used on a large scale.Leading countries in production - Russia and Saudi Arabia.
metallic or non-metallic species
This group includes such minerals and rocks as:
- clay;
- chalk;
- sand;
- pebbles;
- gravel;
- rubble;
- talc;
- kaolin;
- barite;
- graphite;
- diamonds;
- quartz;
- apatite;
- phosphorus and others.
All varieties can be grouped into several groups according to the use.
- Mining chemical minerals.
- metallurgical raw materials.
- Technical crystals.
- Building Materials.
This group is often referred gems and minerals.Areas of use of non-metal minerals nature multifaceted and extensive.This agriculture (fertilizer), construction (materials), glassmaking, jewelry, appliances, obschehimicheskoe manufacturing paints and so on.
