Surely all pupils know what the adjective.But many adults are likely to be at a loss to answer this question.Over time, even the basic things are forgotten.Which high school studied in detail the adjective?4th grade, 5th, 6th ... How long ago it was!Sell return to the early years, and refresh your memory.
independent part of speech
adjective in Russian answers to the questions "how", "what", "how", "what", "whose" "whose" "whose" "whose" and represents a sign of the object.It varies according to the numbers, birth, case, may have a short form.Most often it appears in sentences definition, but may be in the role of a predicate.
discharges
adjective as a part of speech has only one immutable morphological feature - a bit.There are high-quality, possessive, relative linguistic units.Let's speak about each bit more.
qualitative adjectives
Words such discharge answers the question "how", "what", "how", "what" and represent one symptom that can have a greater or lesser degree.Qualitative adjectives tend to go well with the adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms, for example, is too beautiful, very large, very smart.
From these words can be formed by repeating the adjective difficult, for example, big, big, delicious, delicious.You can also attach a prefix to the word and get a non-cognate adjective as a result of, for example, ugly, stupid.Typically, high-quality structural linguistic units are antonyms (high - low), and in some cases even spook (big - huge).It should be noted that not all the words correspond to these characteristics, there are those who do not meet these criteria.
form of words
Feature qualitative adjectives is that many of them have a complete and concise form, for example, smart - smart, delicious - the taste.In this short form does not leaning, and the total declined for case, gender, number.Often sentences are short predicate adjectives and full - determination.Some words do not have a short form, for example, razlyubezny, friendly, while others do not have the full, for example, much, hath need, should, pleased.
Degrees of comparison
story of what adjective would not be complete without a touch characteristic of this part of the speech, as the degree of comparison.It features unique to quality language units.There are three degrees of comparison:
1) positive, indicating that the object or group of objects have some indication, for example, a beautiful flower;
2) comparative indicating that a particular feature of one object or group of objects is expressed more significant than that of the other (s), for example, the wolf more than a hare, or the same thing (the same things), butin the other time, for example, in the future I will be more intelligent;
3) excellent, indicating that an object or set of objects have some sign of a greater degree than any other subjects of the same group, for example, the best doctor in the hospital, the strongest player on the team.
form adjectives in the comparative extent possible through the use of additional words, such as: the most beautiful, higher.In this case, it becomes an integral part of the speech, or, as they say, the analytical form.When comparing the degree of expressed only in a word, the form is called simple or synthetic.It should focus on the fact that the comparative and superlative degree may not have all the adjectives.Words, the category of non-qualitative characteristics are not inherent.
relative adjectives
This linguistic units, answers the question "whose" "whose" "whose" "whose" and a sign indicating that a greater or lesser degree be impossible.They express the attitude of the object to another object (the doorbell), to property (washing powder), the material (glass vase), the place (Moscow court) to the time (October day), a unit of measurement (three-storey house, a seven-year child,pound package) and so on.Such adjectives can not be combined with adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms, do not have a short form degrees of comparison.They also do not have antonyms.
Possessive adjectives
data word answers the question "whose" "whose" "whose" "whose" and designate a specific object belonging to a person or a living being, for example, sister's, his father, a fox.These language unit in the same way as in the previous case, have degrees of comparison, antonyms, the short form is not combined with adverbs "too", "very" and their synonyms.
Borders ranks
Narrating that is an adjective, it is worth noting one feature.The fact that the lexical and grammatical word boundaries of the parts of speech are very mobile, so sometimes difficult to correctly determine the category.So, possessive, relative adjectives can easily take the qualitative value.For example, in the phrase "the dog's paw," the word "dog" is a possessive adjective in the phrase "dog pack" - a relative, as in the phrase "dog's life" - quality.
types declination
Words related to the considered part of speech can lean on cases, numbers, and the singular also on leave.This is not the adjective in the comparative degree and short adjectives are not declined.There are a certain number of indeclinable words, for example, jackets beige.
case, number, gender adjectives depend on these same characteristics of nouns with which they agree.Depending on the substrate, there are three variants of the declination:
- solid white, white, white;
- soft: winter, winter, winter;
- mixed: bad, bad, bad.
Derivation
adjective as a part of the speech can be formed in different ways:
- platformers: Joyful - joyless;
- suffixal: swamp - marsh;
- platformers-suffixed: land - underground;
- compounding two bases: three colors - tri-color, and pale pink - pale pink;
- slozhnosuffiksalnym: flax seeds + + cleaning - lnosemyaochistitelny.
Morphological analysis
The school at Russian lessons teachers often give children a job to do morphological analysis of speech relating to one or another part of speech.How to make the analysis of the adjective?To do this, identify the following characteristics of a linguistic unit:
- grammatical meaning.
- initial form, ie masculine form, nominative, singular.For example, the adjective "bad" initial will form the word "good."
- Permanent signs.As you remember, this is only one symptom - discharge.The adjective "bad" is a quality.
- Irregular signs: shape (short / full), the degree of comparison (comparative / Positive / excellent), gender, case, number.The first two features (the shape and extent of the comparison) are specific to qualitative adjectives.For example, our analysis of the word "bad" would be: is used in full uniform, positive degree of comparison, genitive masculine singular.
- syntactic role: the predicate or determination.In our case, the adjective "bad" is the definition.
Go to the other parts of speech
In the category of adjectives often go Communion and pronouns.For example, a musician from it whatsoever.In turn, the adjectives can substantivised in the category of nouns, such as the military, Russian.
Features of the parts of speech in other languages
hope, thanks to the article you were able to remember what an adjective.It should be said that not all the characteristics inherent in this part of the speech in Russian, will take place in other linguistic systems.For example, the adjectives in the English language on the number and case are not changed, the French - on cases not inclined, but vary in numbers.In Japanese, adjectives generally immutable, they have the time and polite speech.In Portuguese and Spanish, many adjectives have for men, and the overall shape of the feminine, while others vary by gender and number.That's how it is not easy with that part of the question!
Now you can tell all about adjectives.Of course, we considered not all of the characteristics of this part of the speech, and affected only the main features.But for the overall development that is enough.
