Philosophers have long been trying to explain the nature of logic - the reasons for processes occurring in it, the relationship between its phenomena, to find meaning in it, and the main or primary basis.This philosophical direction was called natural philosophy.The first step in this direction was the development of natural philosophy of antiquity, the most typical representatives of which is considered to Miletus School and followers of Pythagoras (pre-Socratic period, VII-VI century BC).
Milesian philosophers of different schools of pragmatism and the search for a single principle of nature combined with practical inventions such as astronomical instruments, maps, sundials.So Thales believed the matter alive, but mostly first elements - water.Anaximander called primordial matter "apeiron", believing that as a result of the existing contradictions in it (hot-cold), the world came.He was also gilozoistom, that is believed to animate matter.Anaximenes represented the first principle as the air, as Heraclitus - the fire.Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans saw in the days of the foundation of all things mystical and encrypted nature.They all share the belief that everything is interconnected in space, animate, everything - people, gods, animals - has its place and purpose.
interesting philosophy that attempts to explain the nature in a similar manner, and even to some extent restoring cosmocentrism antiquity, reappeared during the Renaissance.Natural philosophy of the Renaissance is characterized by an attempt to explain not only nature, but also to unite the Christian philosophy with cosmocentrism and even pantheism.Theoretical and epistemological premises of this mode of thinking rightfully belong to Nicholas of Cusa, who comes from a peasant family, who became a cardinal.He tried to explain the philosophy and theology of mathematical symbols, like the Pythagoreans, and justified a kind of nature and identity of God.God, from the point of view of Nicholas of Cusa - is absolute being, which are the same minimum and maximum, but is the Absolute in the "folded" form available faith.He "takes place" in nature, and then the mind can comprehend it.He suggested a few ideas that anticipated as the Copernican theory and elements of Hegelian dialectics.
natural philosophy of the Renaissance, Nicholas of Cusa is reasonable, and in fact was developed based Neapolitan Bernardino Telesio.God, of course, created the world, being the first impulse, pouring into the world, He is transcendental world, because in the latter dominates the material principle.All things are material, although the principle of materiality is invisible.Reason and science are called to know the nature of which is independent and is the only source of knowledge.By studying nature, can rise to God.He revived antique hylozoism, assuming that all matter is able to feel, and put forward the theory that all movement in nature, generated by the presence of opposites.
Bernardino Telesio created in his hometown community of researchers of nature (Academia Telesiana).We can say that natural philosophy of the Renaissance represented by naturalists of the time, such as Leonardo da Vinci, The methodology of the study of nature and anticipating experimental and mathematical method for studying Francis Bacon.He developed this method, Galileo Galilei, which is the same as Telesio, believed that God created the world, but he begins to develop its own laws, and their study is possible only by means of experiments.
astronomers Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe, as well as many figures of the Renaissance, too, have contributed to the philosophy of nature.Natural philosophy of the Renaissance owes to Copernicus that his work "On the Revolutions of the heavenly bodies," he actually withdrew the Earth from celestial, and man of the "ideological" center of the universe, to put Cosmos, in spite of scientific paradigmatu his time.Not for nothing is written on his tomb: "Stop the Sun and moved the Earth".Kepler and Tycho Brahe mathematically proved the Copernican theory of the circulation of the planets and calculated the laws of their movement.
natural philosophy of the Renaissance has presented two interesting figures - this is Giordano Bruno and Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombast of Gogeghayma).Bruno, too, did not deny that God is dissolved in Nature, and Nature must therefore be infinite in both their states (modus) - that is, in spirit and in space.Therefore, there must be not only Earth, but many worlds, and the Sun - it is one of the stars.Like most natural philosophers, Bruno is also considered the nature of the material and at the same time animated carrying the unity of both principles.Paracelsus was a doctor at the same time, an astronomer and alchemist.He was also convinced that in nature there is a general relationship, and that it is animated, but I believe that this relationship - "magical and mystical", and therefore one possible key to the "discovery of nature."Natural philosophy was popular not only among his contemporaries - legends about him, and he is one of the prototypes of Doctor Faustus in European literature.
