Culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century - a significant stage in the development of spiritual and moral values of the Russian society.It's amazing what scale took creative process, the depth of its content and richness.For half a century cultural community has risen to a new level: multifaceted, polyphonic unique.
Background origin and cultural development of the "golden age»
development of Russian culture in the first half of the 19th century was due to the high degree of national interests.Humanitarian education started back under Catherine II, gave impetus to the development of education, the opening of the set of educational institutions and the empowerment of new knowledge.
pushed the boundaries of the State in which there were about 165 different nations with their customs and mentality.Continues the tradition of its predecessors the new seafarers and discoverers.
Russian-French War of 1812 influenced the formation of patriotic ideas, moral values of the Russian people.Art culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century, has attracted the interest of a foothold in society, national identity.
However, the political situation in the country did not give complete freedom to implement all the ideas in art.The revolt of the Decembrists and the activities of secret societies forced Russian emperors prevent the penetration of advanced ideas in any cultural sphere.
Science
Improving public education has reflected the culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.Briefly it can be called ambivalent.On the one hand, opened new schools, on the other - were introduced strict censorship measures, for example, canceled the lessons of philosophy.In addition, universities and grammar schools were constantly under the strict supervision of the Ministry of Education.
Despite this, the Russian culture in the first half of the 19th century was characterized by a great leap in the development of science.
Biology and Medicine
Trapped in the early 19th century, the material on the flora and fauna require rethinking and development of new theories.This took up Russian naturalists KMBaer, IADvigubsky, IEDyadkovsky.
were a rich collection of plants and animals from around the world.And in 1812, the Botanical Garden was opened in the Crimea.
his significant contribution to the development of medicine introduced NIPirogov.Through his selfless labor of the world learned what military field surgery.
geology and astronomy
Since the beginning of the century waited in the wings and geology.Its development covered all Russian lands.
significant achievement was the preparation of the first geological map of Russia in 1840.I made it a research scientist NIKoksharov.
Astronomy required thorough and meticulous calculations and observations.It took a lot of time.The process greatly relieved when in 1839 was created the Pulkovo Observatory.
Mathematics and Physics
in mathematics were made world-wide opening.So, NILobachevsky became famous for his "non-Euclidean geometry."PLChebyshev proved the law of large numbers, and MVOstrogradskii engaged in analytical and celestial mechanics.
first half of the 19th century can be called the golden age of physics, was created after the first electromagnetic telegraph (PL Schilling), the result of experience obtained electric lighting (VV Petrov), invented an electric motor (E.H. Lenz).
Architecture Art Culture Russia in the first half of the 19th century, attracted considerable public interest.The most important feature of its development was the rapid change of styles, as well as their combination.
in architecture to the 1840s classicism reigned.Empire style can be found in a variety of buildings of two capital cities and many regional centers, formerly a provincial city.
For this time is characterized by the construction of architectural ensembles.For example, the Theatre Square Moscow or in St. Petersburg Senate.
prominent representatives of this style has created culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.Architecture expressed in the writings of ADZakharova, KIRossi, DIGilardi, OIBove.
Empire was replaced by Russian-Byzantine style, which were built by Christ the Savior Cathedral, Armory (architect KA Ton).
arts
This period is characterized by an interest in painting to the individual ordinary man.Artists are moving away from the traditional biblical and mythological style.
Classicism in painting was presented by Karl Bryullov, who in his paintings showed heroism, dignity and majesty of the common man.The most famous of his works - is "The Last Days of Pompeii", "rider", "Self-Portrait", etc.
The tragic fate of the great painter Alexander Ivanov, the author's great work, "The Appearance of Christ to the people."Above it he worked for over 20 years.And he died, never knowing what happened to a brilliant triumph in this painting.
basis of realism put Pavel Fedotov, who with his genre paintings with social content furor in the community.Everyone knew his "Fresh cavalier" or "Courting Major".
Sculpture
Culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century developed under the influence of the past war of 1812 against Napoleon.I touched on this sculpture.The famous monument to Minin and Pozharsky, who stands on the Red Square, the artist IPMartos sculpted in the midst of war.
development of Russian monumental sculpture would have been impossible without the FFShchedrin, whose caryatids adorn the Admiralty building.
Other outstanding sculptors of the time were I.Terebenev ("Battle of Poltava"), VIDemuth-Malinovsky, BIOrlovsky (figure of an angel on the Alexander Column) etc.
Music
huge influence heroic past experienced the culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.Music has undergone the influence of folk melodies, as well as national issues.These flows reflect the opera "Ivan Susanin" KAKavos, works of AAAlyabiev, AEVarlamov.
MIGlinka occupied a central place among the composers.It adopted new traditions and opened up unprecedented in the genre.The opera "A Life for the Tsar" fully reflects the essence of creativity musician.
Russian culture in the first half of the 19th century gave rise to yet another brilliant composer who introduced the music genre of psychological drama.It ASDargomyzhsky and his great opera "Rusalka".
Theatre
Russian theater opened the imagination, virtually abandoning the grand performances in the classical style.Now there is romantic motives prevailed, tragic plot of the play.
One of the most famous representatives of the theatrical environment was PSMochalov, who performed the role of Hamlet, and Ferdinand (Shakespeare).
Russian reformer of acting MSShchepkin came from serfs.He gave a completely new idea, by which admired his role, and the Little Theatre of Moscow became the most popular destination among the spectators.
realistic style was originated in theater works of ASPushkin ASGriboyedov.
Literature
most important social issues reflected the culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century.References to strengthen national identity, referring to the historical past of the country.An example of this is the creative activity of NMKaramzin.
romanticism in literature was represented by such outstanding figures as VAZhukovsky, AIOdoyevski, early ASPushkin.Late stage of Pushkin - is realism."Boris Godunov", "The Captain's Daughter", "The Bronze Horseman" inscribed in this direction.In addition, MULermontov created a "Hero of Our Time", which is an outstanding example of literary realism.
critical realism became the basis of creativity, NVGogol ("The Overcoat," "Inspector").
Among other representatives of literature that influenced its formation, can be called ANOstrovsky its unusually realistic plays, ISTurgenev, who devoted his attention to the theme of the village land and nature, as well as the DVGrigorovich.
References made a significant contribution to the cultural development of Russia.The first half of the 19th century is characterized by the emergence of modern literary language to replace heavy and ornate language of the 18th century.Creative writers and poets of this period was significant and impact on the further formation of not only Russian, but also world culture.
has absorbed and reinterpreted the works of Russian and European civilizations, culture of Russia in the first half of the 19th century created a solid foundation for the favorable development of science and art in the future.
