Russian people have long adorned their homes with various crafts and homemade items.Masters made their products more often than not just for the beauty of all things had their practical purpose.From natural materials - wood, clay and stone - made works of art.Skills, technology and the secret methods handed down.In this article you will learn how people trade in Central Russia has been the most popular.
How did the folk craft?
different crafts began to emerge in the 15-16 th centuries.This period is associated with the birth of folk art.Somewhat later, in the 17th century, craftsmen began to create special crafts for sale.Entire villages and towns worked on the production of products of national crafts.
Why do people trade began to develop in Central Russia?The reason is simple - cold and hunger.During the long cold winter, people needed something to feed their families.Poor soils did not bring a sufficient amount of harvest, life is not enough, so the masters sold their products and the proceeds there.Of course Russian folk crafts arose where there was a sufficient amount of natural raw materials.Wooden crafts made in forest areas dominated by rocky soils widespread stone products, and so on. D. As you know, demand creates supply, and folk craft developed where it was needed.
Folk arts and crafts began to emerge a little later - in the middle of the 19th century.In those days, there was a famous gold thread embroidery, painting and metal processing.A huge influence on the emergence of the craft had a church, and it is the local school of icon painting.They carried out orders for embroidery to monasteries and churches.
People fishing in Central Russia
Russian craft is famous not only in our country, folk craft has gained worldwide fame.Enumerate handmade products can be very long, we will talk about the main ones:
- Gzhel.
- Dymkovo toy.
- Khokhloma.
- Palekh.
- Rostov enamel.
- Vologda lace, etc.
Dymkovo toy
Many centuries ago, on the banks of the river Vyatka formed a city where organized settlement settlement.Each morning local stoked the furnace, and because of the constantly raising the smoke and called the settlement - Dymkovo settlement.
lived there masters of pottery.From clay they did the dishes, and pipes, which subsequently aggravated the oven.Whistles were made mainly in the form of animals.But this was done not only for the entertainment of children.Vyatsky people under the whistle of pipes met the sun god - Yarilo.Dymkovo toy - the most famous folk craft of Central Russia.Everyone knows how it looks.This clay Russian woman in a long skirt with a bright bell-apron and black eyebrows.Dress beauties painted various patterns.The main rule is - it should be bright and colorful.
Gzhel
Folk arts and crafts is hard to imagine without Gzheli.Previously, it bore the name of the village, located 50 kilometers from Moscow.There lived the master, which began to create highly artistic porcelain.They are painted with cobalt.Later appeared polufayansovaya utensils.Masters gathered hundreds of different images, now many samples are stored in the Hermitage.Gzhel people still have long drove surplus dishes on the markets of Moscow, masters often painted dishes to order.Today it is very difficult to imagine without the folk craft Gzhel products.
Palekh
Development crafts takes its history to the 13-14th centuries.At this time, and formed a modern center of Russian culture - the village of Palekh.Then it belonged to Prince paletzkiana later became its owner Ivan Buturlin.The village was created by a large number of workshops on iconography.In the 20th century in the village craftsmen were engaged in painting brooches, snuff boxes, cigarette cases, notebooks and bisernits.Known palehovskie boxes and Easter eggs known to many.A little later, began to emerge in the village of Palekh miniature with black paint and papier-mache.
Khokhloma Khokhloma craft appeared in Russia in the Volga River Usola forests.They formed villages - seminoma, cartilage and Novopokrovsky Kuligin.It was there that was born and hohloma.Unfortunately, crafts edge survived to our times is not complete.We know only the masters of the 19th century, though it is proved that this craft involved in the 17th century.
Khokhloma different from the other features of the technology of painting.A distinctive feature - the application of the black ink and cinnabar on a gold background.To gild the dishes, the master rubbed her powder tin, and then applied a layer of varnish and oil put into the oven.Due to the high temperature drying oil becomes yellow, gold and tin appeared.Masters applied patterns and pattern brush by hand.Dear sets were drawn carefully.Today Khokhloma dishes can be seen on various international exhibitions and fairs.
Shawls Pavlovsky Posad Pavlovsky Posad
known to many because of the arrival of the patterned scarves and shawls.For the first time such an elegant article of clothing was made on the Klyazma River in the city of Pavlovsk.Hence the name.
at local fairs, which are often arranged in the central squares, patterned shawls dispersed on hurray.You could buy bandanas with various patterns - wildflowers, roses, bouquets and leaves.Shawls often referred to as padded.This word began to call shawls because of the way the application of the pattern on the fabric - printed cloth.Master was putting fabric on the board and beat to paint better imprinted.Technology has hand-printed cloth, not every master.Modern handkerchiefs made by means of special presses.
Rostov enamel
craft center of Central Russia include the well-known towns and villages, Rostov - one of them.In the 18th century this craft originated as enamel.This painting on enameled metal with special paints.In ancient times, the master painted icons.The priests wore garments with ornaments of enamel.Church plate and cover painted manuscripts and special fire-resistant paints.A special feature of this technology application is the fact that before firing color patterns is always the same.Due to the heat of the furnace products begin to play with bright colors.
Zhostovo Painted Trays of Zhostovo familiar to many.This village is not far from the capital, this is where local artists have created a work of art as Zhostovo tray.Master drawing field and garden flowers on a black background Three horses, still lifes and others. The first tray was made of papier-mache.
also artists of Zhostovo painting painted boxes, snuff boxes and boxes.In the mid-19th century began to produce metal trays, papier-mache on the backburner.The most famous work of art in Zhostovo - This oval tray, painted on the perimeter.Each workshop puts on its product brand, by which you can identify the master, to make this beauty.
contemporary crafts of Russia
Modern crafts are actively developing.Today, at exhibitions and fairs, you can see a variety of products, crafts and paintings.Areas of modern art are very different here include:
- visualization using light bulbs;
- electronic compositions;
- photo;
- flash mobs;
- sculptures and installations, and others.
modern folk craft is difficult to name a single, talented craftsmen are engaged in what they are good at.If a few centuries ago, it was only possible to draw or sculpt in clay, it is now possible to express themselves more.But despite this, the basics of painting and the painting is for studying the ancient original Russian products.Traditions of Russian artists in many cities, and live up to now.
In conclusion, I would like to enumerate the remaining areas of folk art, which in this article has not been told:
- Gorodets painting;
- fedoksinskaya miniature;
- Orenburg downy shawls;
- Vologda and Elets lace;
- matryoshka;
- karpogolskaya, Abashevskaya filimonskaya and toys;
- filigree;
- Kaslin casting.
traditions of our miracle-workers, painters, and artists continue to live in the modern world.Despite technological advances, old Russian folk crafts continue to evolve.Survived to our times works of art can be seen in museums and exhibitions, to try themselves in this difficult matter is possible in art schools and development centers.
