Auditor - necessary and essential profession in market economies.The Russian companies involved in the relevant activities can be partners both private organizations and government agencies.This is determined by the specifics of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, as well as the peculiarities of the construction of the national economic system at the present stage.What are the nuances of the auditor's business?What are the specifics of firms of this profile in Russian?
audit as a form of financial control
Russian legislation regulating the financial, tax and budgetary sphere, provides for appropriate audits of organizations through a variety of control methods.One of its common forms - audits.What are their specifics?
financial control can be carried out in various forms.There are appropriate checks carried out by public authorities, and there are those that are performed by private entities.
Financial control can be classified as external or internal.The first is carried out if the test subject - the structure of legally independent from the object.There are also internal financial control (also referred to as on-farm) which organizations or government agencies conducted by operating its own resources.The need for both types of inspections and their frequency is governed by the law.
audit financial control - one of the most common forms of inspections carried out by private organizations.It may be both external and internal.The quality of the relevant checks indirectly guaranteed by the presence of the audit firm's special license (since 2010 - when it comes to the Russian audit market - a special kind of accreditation of specialized agencies) to conduct core business.
Types audit
As we said above, the audit may be external and internal.These are the two basic criteria of classifying this type of activity.Internal financial control of the appropriate type of services carried out by specially formed in the structure of the enterprise.The main task during the event - to optimize the effectiveness of management policies.Especially in areas that involve the use of economic resources occupied in economic activity.An external audit of the enterprise is carried out, in turn, structures, de jure are not related to the auditee.The main criterion here - full independence.The purpose of the audit of the external type - checking the financial and accounting documents (usually of the category reporting) enterprises and activities of the company for compliance with the relevant legal standards.
audit may also be required or initiated by the enterprise.Checks relating to the first type, carried out on the basis of the provisions of the relevant legislation.In addition, the audited financial supervision may be initiated as a result of decisions of the authorities, including law enforcement.Internal audit is usually held on the initiative of the company's owners, investors, in some cases - administrative structures responsible for the management of key economic resource of the enterprise.
economic importance of the audit
audit concept in countries with extensive experience in economic development in the market, there is a long time.The appearance of the control of the appropriate type experts connect primarily with the evolutionary changes in the structure of national economies.The market is becoming more competitive.And because private companies seeking to fully meet the criteria of correctness of conducting financial and accounting documents, as well as the provisions of the regulatory legislation.This feature has become one of the competitive advantages of the free market: an investor or a potential partner is likely to prefer to deal with a company whose activities are completely legal, and financial and accounting policy - the most transparent.On the other hand, the state's role in the national economy, even in those countries where the level of market freedom undeniably high, remains significant.In the structure of GDP and other macroeconomic aspects of significant budgetary financial flows.In connection with the state there is a need in the formation of supervisory structures to monitor the effectiveness of budget spending.
concept of audit in the Russian business community, academia, the system of state institutions in general is fairly close to the concept that there is in Western countries.For the first time in the Russian Federation received a legislative audit of "registration" in 1993.Then it came into force Presidential Decree "On Auditing."According to the normative act, an audit financial control received a formal definition that sounded like entrepreneurship to implement independent checks relating to the type of non-departmental, financial (accounting), various kinds of payment documents, tax documents and other financial liabilities of enterprises.The subjects of the respective control, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, was organization of a wide range of segments of activity - banks, manufacturing companies, public funds, and physical persons engaged in business on an individual basis.
Features audit activity in the Russian Federation
What kind of organization are eligible to serve as financial control, auditing activities attributable to?Under Russian law, this can be both legal entities and PIs.However, their activities should be concentrated exclusively in the field of auditing.Until 2010, the work of such companies subject to mandatory licensing.But after the practice was canceled.However, the Russian auditors to ensure that their activities were legally required to be part of a self-regulating organizations of auditors, or SRO.That is, to have some kind of accreditation.
However, as many experts, registration of membership in the SRO - a procedure which in many aspects has become more demanding more than a license.Why is that?The fact that a license, as noted by some analysts, it was actually a formal procedure.It was enough to pay a fee, as well as create a small staff of auditors, whose qualifications are usually not checked.
Instead license - fees
Since innovation companies to enter the SRO, it is necessary to show that their activities comply with the most stringent auditing standards.In addition, also increased the financial input in the bracket legal audit market.SRO membership in most cases - paid procedure.Organizations need to pay an entrance fee, and in many cases also contributions to the so-called compensation fund SRO intended for penalty payments in the event that the customer service will suffer as a result of poor quality of the audit organization.
methods of financial control
Some features of the audit in terms of financial control requirements for firms that it is carried out in Russia, we can continue our theoretical insight into the subject of the current issue.We study the nuances related to the methods of the relevant checks.Which ones are most often used when an audit is an independent financial control?
experts Crafted following key:
- audit;
- analysis of the documentation;
- the study of financial plans;
- research reports;
- learning details about the officials.
most common method in the aspect of departmental audit experts call the one that comes first in the list.The audit - is, according to many analysts, one of the most complete and comprehensive methods for the study of business organizations that use state agencies to implement the functions of financial control.In turn, as such audit activities most characteristic of other methods that we have listed above.Some experts distinguish between fundamental objective of the audit and the audit.In auditing the second type of inspection agency is mainly intended to identify violations.When auditing the same as we said above, is a study of the economic activity of the enterprise for compliance with standards, that is identified, rather, the spaces made by managers unintentionally.
State inspection
examining what characterized audit financial control, we can consider the aspects that reflect the specifics of state inspections.That is, those that spend government.The main factors associated with the conduct of the relevant audits - the need to improve the effectiveness of fiscal policy.
Experts identify four main types of financial control by the state:
- parliament;
- administrative;
- departmental;
- special.
control of the first type is carried out mainly counting bodies found in the structure of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the relevant legislative bodies in the region.The administrative checks carried out the executive bodies accountable to the government, the president, as well as regional authorities.
Departmental control means carrying out the relevant procedures within individual authorities.It is a kind of internal audits.He held offices and agencies created under the specific departments.The object of this type of audit is the financial or industrial activity themselves authorities and institutions accountable to them.
Special control provides more specialized relevant checks.Their focus may be concentrated in particular on the bank or, for example, the tax and budget spheres.
ratio between state and private control
How correlate non-state financial control (one of the most common forms of which, in fact, is the audit) and one that carried out the power structure?Many experts believe that both types of control interact with each other, but they separated because of the specific methods, the difference between the powers, the purpose of the relevant checks.
State financial control - this is mainly a set of procedures, based on the legislation of the federal (or national - if the political-administrative division involves a unitary format) level, as well as those legal acts that reflect the powers of authorities in the regions.Some analysts prefer to separate the state from the municipal financial control (its specificity - a little later), even though they are very similar in aims and methods.
Content rules and regulations governing the inspection depends on the characteristics of the political system and the specific social and economic development of a particular state.What is mainly different financial control systems in different countries - is the level of involvement of relevant authorities in the affairs of private corporations.This factor also largely determines the properties, which is characterized by non-state financial control is practiced in national economic systems.In some countries, its methodology is very similar to that that the authorities used, in others has quite different from the official concepts signs.
Budget and benefits
However, the main criterion, causes the differences between such phenomena as the independent financial audit control and verification of the state, - objective (in fact, we have already said at the beginning of the article).Let's try to summarize their essence on both types of control.The main purpose of government inspections - maximize the efficiency of budget spending and to minimize other costs specific to the development of cash flow from treasury.In turn, the company audit, carried out outside the direct competence of the authorities (although carried out in accordance with the official rules of law), designed to improve value for money in terms of maintaining the maximum level of capitalization.Some experts point to another remarkable criterion.According to him the state financial control is aimed at giving the maximum rate of incoming funds to the treasury, the budget.And audit of the enterprise aims to help solve the problem completely the opposite - to minimize contributions to the state.Of course, through the legal mechanisms.That is, the auditor helps us determine where in the legislation has loopholes that allow legally avoid paying such and such taxes and fees (or to reduce the amount they pay to the minimum).
Another criterion predetermining dissimilarity of state and audits - publicity.In many cases, the financial control exercised by the authorities, should be extremely transparent.The results of these tests are often subject to public coverage - through the media or information resources departments.All this, however, in pursuit of the main objective, which we have voiced - the effective implementation of the budget.It is calculated thus that the problems associated with the control over the expenditure of funds from the treasury, to pay attention to other agencies and organizations that receive government funding.On the one hand.And on the other - society.Relevant social control in many cases, helps to ensure that companies receiving funds from the Treasury, spent more effectively.While the results of the private audits are not always subject to publication, moreover, it is often a trade secret.This is especially true of internal financial control.
Municipal Audit
Above we noted the following fact: in addition to the public and there is also a relatively isolated municipal financial control.What is its specificity?The fact is that the political structure of many countries there is a separation of powers government bodies at several levels.Among those - municipal, or local.It implies the existence of self-government in the cities, regions and individual settlements (if we talk about the Russian model).At the level of each of the subjects of the government can be formed by a separate budget.The effectiveness of the implementation of which local authorities should also be controlled.Methods of implementation of the relevant checks at the municipal level are very similar when it comes to the Russian practice, with those for state control.It is mainly the same revision.There are municipal internal financial control, in the form similar to the departmental, which is implemented at the state level.
In some cases, if it is destined to local law (and it does not conflict with federal or regional), the relevant authority at the local level can also initiate audits of companies with private experts and organizations required profile.The criteria for selection of the auditor performed may be different, but we have identified above base - is the accreditation of the SRO.Inside the municipal financial control, in turn, is reduced to the study of the effectiveness of budget implementation in the framework of specific structures of local government.This reference to third parties, as a rule, does not occur.
