«Russian Truth" was the first legislative vault in Russia.For future generations, this document was a valuable source of information about life in those days.All subsequent laws were based on his ideas of "Russian Truth".
How did the "Russian Truth»
familiar to us the word "truth" in the times of Yaroslav the Wise is not only the truth.His main point in that era - it's the law and the charter.That is why the first set of rules called the "Russian Truth" (year of establishment - 1016).Until that time, all legal documents were based on the morality of the pagan, and later - in Church of the Byzantine religion.
Laws "Russian Truth" were to appear for several reasons.Firstly, the refereeing in Russia at that time consisted of Greeks and Southern Slavs.They almost were not familiar with Russian traditions in law.Second, the old Russian customs regulations contained pagan law.This is not consistent with the new morality based on new religious principles.Therefore, introduction of the institution of the ecclesiastical courts and the adoption of Christianity were the main factors by which created the written laws.That is why the "Russian Truth" evolved without any participation of the Principality.But ecclesiastical jurisdiction made active by the originator of this unique document.
about the place in which for the first time released "Russian Truth", is debatable.Some researchers say that it was in Novgorod, others believe that it happened in Kiev.
Summary
Unfortunately, "Russian Truth", the text of which include legal articles on criminal, commercial, inheritance law, has undergone changes.And the presentation of the original has not been preserved to our days.
Year "Russian Truth", according to historians, in 1016-th.Although no reliable information from the researchers can not provide.Until 1054 all the laws were collected in a book on the initiative of Yaroslav the Wise.It contained legal articles relating to the following issues:
- criminal law;
- work of the court;
- social status of citizens.
structure "Russian truth»
Despite the fact that the year of creation of the "Russian Truth" - 1016 minutes, until today has reached one of their copies, which refers to 1280.It is the oldest copy is found to date.And printing the first text appeared in 1738 thanks to Russian historian VN Tatishchev.
«Russian Truth" has several options for presentation:
- short;
- lengthy;
- abbreviated.
The very first of them - is the oldest version.
The short version has 4 document.They placed 43 articles.They are devoted to national traditions in Russia, including the old customs such as blood feud.Also in the "truth" of the rules laid payment of fines, and that they must charge.This punishment was determined on the basis of social status of the offender.The document by the absence of a differentiated approach to the determination of fines.
In a full version of "Russian Truth", the text of which has about 121 articles containing the statutes of Yaroslav the Wise and Vladimir Monomakh.This option is called "Extensive Pravda".Here it is clearly defined that the feudal lords vested privileges can not be said about the menials.Article defines the legal relations in determining the ownership of any property transferred to a legacy, and the conclusion of various contracts.In this embodiment, sets of laws have also been used by church and civil courts to punish criminals.
"Reduced True"
This latest version, which is completely formed by the middle of the 15th century.It was created on the basis of "Extensive Pravda".
It would not be the original source code of the law, not be the foundation for its creation.In this case, these sources and become "Brief True" and "Extensive Pravda".
Crime and Punishment
Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise, together with his sons established the laws that ought to live, have registered all the possible punishments for various crimes.
novelty was that the custom was abolished under the name "blood feud."However, this did not happen in that year, "Russian Truth", and a little later.For killing was responsible according to the law.
This princely approximate and princes themselves get lenient sentences than people without the "clan or tribe."
for many crimes have been fined.For serious infractions punishment was severe.Seven able to cast with the guilty from the village and the property confiscated.These penalties apply for arson, stealing horses.
important in deciding the court gave the testimony of witnesses.They were then called "posluhi."
Document separated premeditated murder against unintentional.It retained the death penalty.Fines were appointed in various monetary denominations.
"Russian Truth" describes the procedure of the courts: in what place they should be, who participate in them, which will include criminals and how they should be judged.
value document contemporaries
Year "Russian Truth" can not be called unique.She constantly supplemented.However, regardless of this, the book is of great importance for historians studying the epoch of Yaroslav the Wise, and for future generations.After all, it saved so much interesting knowledge about the initial stage of development of Kievan Rus.
Many words in modern law have much in common with the first legal document.For example, the "criminal": in the "Russian Truth" was a killer named "golovnik" and killed in a document called the "head".
In addition, the laws of "Russian Truth" gives us an idea about the life of the principality, and the common people at the time.It can clearly be seen the superiority of the ruling class of serfs and servants.It is so beneficial for the principality was that the Russian Pravda article used the new law to the collections of the 15th century.
fundamental replacement of "Truth" was Sudebnik Ivan III, which was released in 1497.But this does not mean that it has fundamentally changed the legal relationship.On the contrary, all subsequent court papers formed solely on the "Russian Truth".
