Before you know any Russian satellites monument in Moscow, is to understand what is this aircraft.Considered artificial satellite of the Earth, created by human hands (unlike the Moon, which is the natural satellite) moving along a path in the shape of an ellipse around the planet on the geostationary orbit.In order for this device came on the orbit, it is necessary that its speed was more than the first space, but less than the second space.
escape velocity for artificial satellites
This means that all the satellites have to fly into space at a speed of more than 7.9 kilometers \ with, in order not to fall back to the Earth's surface, but less than 11.2 kilometers \ withnot to retire into space.Note that the first and second cosmic speed - different for different celestial bodies.For example, the escape velocity for the Moon is only 2.4 kilometers \ with, as this object is less than our planet, and for a black hole the speed required for the separation from her in the open space, must be greater than the speed of light.Perhaps that is why black holes are not observed any natural satellites, or artificial.
Monument to the first satellite of the Earth established a year after the launch of the device in Moscow, at the Rizhskaya metro station.The country that sent first man-made spacecraft into orbit was the Soviet Union.Himself launch took place in early October 1957, the Ministry of Defence Research polygon "Tyr There," which would later become the cosmodrome "Baikonur".Preparing for the first flight was more than a decade.He headed the work of designers famous rocket engineer Sergei Korolev.
symbolic position of the satellite on the monument
Monument to the first satellite was created by the architect and sculptor S.Kovnerom V.Kartsevym.It is a seven-meter bronze figure of a man dressed as a worker who keeps up on outstretched arm ball off of it antennas.Of course, the position of the satellite is purely symbolic, since even the simplest device, which was the first satellite can be a very heavy weight.For example, PS-1, shown in the sculpture group weighed approximately 84 kg, consisted of two quite small hemispheres (0.58 meters in diameter).Hemispheres cast aluminum alloy and sealed to one another three dozen bolts.Tightness provides a simple rubber gasket.
More than 1,400 revolutions around the planet
On top of the satellites were located two antennas, each of which had two branches of 2.4 and 2.9 meters, and the inside of the scientists were able to place silver-zinc Accumulation System (weighed 50 kg), temperature sensors, pressure sensors, cabling, radio, thermostats, duct systems and fan control.Satellite orbits the planet for 96 minutes with a little, he made more than 1400 turns and came down from orbit in January 1958.That is what Russian satellites monument in Moscow.
monument has a double in another city
Although it is rather a monument to the Soviet era, as well as the double of the monument on the square energy in Rostov-on-Don.In the history of the new Russia that achievement immortalized monument in the city of Korolev, which opened in 2007, October 4, the day of the fiftieth anniversary of the launch of Sputnik.
element sculpture was in space
Which Russian satellites monument in Moscow recently?In 2012, the front of the complex Medical-Biological Agency (Federal) have put a monument, which is based on satellite capsule, visited directly in space with unusual passengers on board.Space crews of the last generation, mainly consisted of monkeys that sometimes "are companies" other animal species.
device with animals weighed 6.3 tons
Satellites biological purposes (to start living beings) have begun to develop the OKB-1 (Kuibyshev Branch) almost immediately after the flight A.Gagarina into space in the early 70-ies.Their peculiarity is that after placing in orbit, they move in free mode without affecting the orientation of systems to provide very clean results of experiments in conditions of weightlessness.The first machines of this series weigh about 6.3 tons, with the weight of the equipment itself is only 0.7 tons and output into a low orbit by means of carrier rockets "Soyuz-U".More often than not "sending" was carried out from Plesetsk.Estimated maximum flight duration was about a month - these were the terms of the action of life support systems of animals, and then the machine down on a parachute system to the range in Kazakhstan (at Kustanai).
They helped develop space
Monument companion of the plan set by chance.Total from 1973 to 1996 was launched eleven satellites that are in orbit from five to almost 19 days and the results of studies have provided extensive data about the behavior of living organisms in space.The pioneers in 1973 on this type of devices have become 45 rats, with the launch of the third program has gained an international dimension.And in the course of the work on the fourth satellite has been installed a very important fact - the state of health of rats that were in space in a mini-centrifuge (artificial gravity), it was much better than the rest of the state of the rats who were in weightlessness.The latter changes were observed in muscle, increasing fragility of the legs.Therefore, in the current international space station people a few hours a day spend in the gym in order to reduce the harmful effects of weightlessness on the body.And all of this has been found due to rodents.
how to choose in the "astronauts"?
«Bion" - a satellite of the same series of devices, which has been redesigned under the special program, beginning with the sixth run.Here, astronauts began rhesus monkeys, which had to finalize the design of the ship, as the animals were significantly larger and smarter than the previous species.Potential bidders were selected in the Sukhumi nursery.The astronauts took only young males, selection takes place every three years, followed by two years was spent on training.Monkeys were taught to press different buttons, levers and pedal'ku depending on the signals on the light board.As an incentive, they are encouraged to concentrate rose, they drank through a special fitting.Macaques each were placed in separate inner capsule with the possibility of visual contact through special little windows.
From a sample of twenty individuals, held training on the cosmodrome fell only half, ten macaques, of which directly on the site chose two and assign them a name in alphabetical order.Thus, in the space of the first primates visited Abrek and Bion (1983).This launch was the most short-lived, just five hours, as one of the freed monkeys paw and tore the head electrodes, of which part has been implanted in the brain.The satellite successfully landed and after the rehabilitation of the first monkey astronauts went to live in a kennel.
Next came into orbit Proud and True (1985), and then ruffling Sandman (1987).This launch also was not very successful, as ruffling freed from control systems, in addition, supply system broke down nutrients for primates.The satellite had to hold early, and the landing was very difficult, because the object sat in the winter forests of Yakutia.Almost all the astronauts, including even the rats, worms, newts, the flies survived not only lucky fishes guppies.Sandman took to relocate to Fidel Castro himself, guaranteed him a good living and respect in Cuba.
all returned safe and sound, but ...
What a capsule is at the present monument "Bion"?Moscow has received a portion of the satellite, participated in the launch of the fourth.Inside true sphere surrounded the monument to the likeness of the wings, in 1989 flew into space macaque Zhakonya and Bully.Subsequent expeditions in 1992 and 1996, held with the participation of crumble and Ivashov, as well as cartoons and Lapicque respectively.They all came back safely, but cartoons were already destined to die in the world due to intolerance to anesthesia, which he did after a flight during the operation.It is known that Crawshaw lived for many years after returning from space, and lives in a kennel Lapik Adler.All of them with their flight, along with 37 other species of animals allowed to substantiate the possibility of long-term human habitation in space.That is what Russian satellites monument in Moscow, Volokolamsk Highway, Building 30, Building 1.
