Immanuel Kant is the founder of German classical idealism.This philosophy is a professor of the University of Konigsberg.
Kant's philosophy can be divided into two periods:
- subcritical period;
- critical period.
During the period of subcritical Kant's philosophy has been directed to the problems of nature and science.During the critical Kant began to study the problems of the mind, mechanisms of behavior, mechanisms of cognition, its boundaries.He was also interested in the issues of logic, ethics, social philosophy.
philosophy of Kant the critical period is associated with three large works.This is the "Critique of Pure Reason", "Critique of Practical Reason" and "Critique of Judgment."
As mentioned above, in the subcritical period Kant was interested in the problems of nature, science.Important for him were the problems of existence.In fact, all of Kant's innovation lies in the fact that he was the first to deal with all these issues with a greater emphasis on the problem of development.
revolutionary philosophy of Kant kept for the time conclusions.He said that the whole of our universe emerged from a huge initial cloud, which consisted of sparse particles.He argued that nature has its history in time, and that it has its beginning and its end.With all of this nature is constantly evolving and changing.Changing all living things, and therefore the man himself.Man Kant - is the natural result of evolution.
philosophy of Kant has a large imprint ideologies of the time, is reflected in the fact that he claims that mechanical laws have their root cause and not laid in the matter.It is also worth mentioning here that the root cause he believed God.
contemporaries regarded the discovery of Kant's most important discoveries to be equivalent, which at one time did Copernicus.
philosophy of Kant the critical period is directly related to the problem of knowledge.
In the "Critique of Pure Reason," the philosopher defends the ideas of agnosticism - proves that it is impossible to know the reality.He puts forward the idea that the world can not be known in the first place, not because it is constantly changing, and it is because the human mind is weak and simply is not capable.The cognitive abilities of the human mind is weak.Transcendental philosophy of Kant assures that go beyond its scope, a person's mind immediately faced many contradictions.Such conflicts have Kant four.He called them antinomies.The very first antinomy is directly related to the limited space, the second is called the simple and the complex, the third - freedom and causality, the fourth - the presence of God.
mind allows us to prove once both opposite-sentimentalizing.For this reason, and thinking is at an impasse.Kant argued that the existence of antimony acknowledges the limitations of human cognitive abilities.
In this work Kant classifies knowledge itself as a result of absolutely any cognitive activity, as well as highlights the concepts that characterize knowledge.It is about:
- posteriori knowledge;
- priori knowledge:
- «thing in itself."
In the first case it is the acquisition of knowledge, in the second - on the original."The thing in itself" - is one of the key concepts in the whole philosophy of Kant.It is understood that inner essence that can never understand the mind of man.
Particularly notable is the moral philosophy of Kant.Philosopher asked the following question:
- what should be the true morality;
- how to be moral human behavior.
After analysis, he makes the following conclusions:
- pure morality - public virtuous mind that is perceived by the individual as a separate property;
- pure morality and real life are in constant conflict;
- morality should not depend on external circumstances.
