Berdyaev (1874-1948) came from a noble family.While studying at the University of Kiev, he began attending the circling of Social Democrats and became interested in the ideas of Marxism.Already in this period he became interested in philosophical questions, reading Hegel, Kant, Schelling, Marx, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Tolstoy.Gradually formed its own philosophy of Berdyaev, the center of which was a religious idealist philosophy.He eventually became one of the most consistent critics of materialism and Marxism.
His worldview was formed during the making of "Questions of Life" and "New Way".He was the founder of the religious-philosophical society, called "Memory Soloviev."In 1911 he published his first work."The philosophy of freedom," Berdyaev marked the end of his quest to justify the philosophy of "neohristianstva" and the definition of "new religious consciousness".In 1916 came his next work, "The meaning of creativity", to fix his ideas.
First World War greatly influenced the attitude of the philosopher, who took it as the end of the humanistic history.Historical force that was able to fulfill the mission of reunion of Christian humanity, he had seen only in Russia.He therefore warmly welcomed the February Revolution and the October perceived very negatively.The Bolshevik socialism in his book "The Philosophy of Inequality," he called "forced brotherhood."
Berdyaev created the Free Academy of Spiritual Culture.The rejection of the Bolshevik ideology led him to attention of the authorities, he was arrested twice in 1922 - sent abroad for "philosophical boat".
main works that express personality philosophy of Berdyaev, were created in the period of emigration (first to Berlin, then the French city of Clamart).His major works - "Philosophy of the Free Spirit", "The Meaning of Creativity", "Slavery and Freedom," "Spirit and Reality," "Kingdom of the Spirit, and the kingdom of Caesar," "The experience of the eschatological metaphysics."
Center for his philosophical reflections - the theme of human rights.Berdyaev's philosophy was based on the postulate of freedom of creativity and personality.His teaching is referred to the trends of existentialism and personalism.
Berdyaev believed that human nature loneliness, insecurity and abandonment that are rooted in the social environment, enslaving the personality and inspires melancholy ordinariness.From the oppressive fear of man is able to release the only philosophy that is a breakthrough from the senseless, violent personality of the world (work, "I and the world of objects," which soon wrote Berdyaev).
philosophy of freedom in his work has been disclosed in many works, among them "self-knowledge".His teaching was aimed at helping the person to take a proactive and creative position, thus overcoming the imperfection of life.
Its three main ideas - the idea of "universal Christianity," the idea of freedom and creativity of an apology.In general, his views paradoskalno inherent sense of crisis at the same time romantic life and confidence in the victory of the ideal.
As a religious thinker Berdyaev created an original cosmogonic view of the world.Prior to being there the abyss (the irrational state of freedom).That is, freedom was preceded by absolutely everything, even God, who was born and later created the world and people.From the spirit of God is poured out, breathed it in person.Therefore, the world has two bases: the spirit and freedom.These bases are combined in man and contradict each other.Spirit is primary in relation to the material world and more significant for humans.Since it involves the mind and consciousness of people.
Philosophy Berdyaev suggested the ideal of freedom of society, which he called "personalistic socialism", which meant that the primacy of the individual over society.But this community of people can not achieve in a society, but only in God ("catholicity").Therefore, the meaning of human history is the dispensation of the Kingdom of God.Earth history course, but it is not a disaster, and overcoming hatred, anonymity and objectification.
