Mushrooms - unique living beings.The amazing variety and their ability to form a symbiosis with a variety of species of animals and plants, giving them a wide range.The mushrooms are different from other living organisms and why they stand out in the independent kingdom of the living world?After all, the external signs of higher mushrooms resemble plants.A yeast belonging to unicellular fungi have many similarities with the bacteria.So what fungi are different from plants and animals?
Brief classification
all life on our planet, scientists are divided into five kingdoms:
- the animal kingdom;
- the plant kingdom;
- kingdom Fungi;
- kingdom of bacteria;
- realm of viruses.
The mushrooms are different from members of other kingdoms and why they singled out?Scientists know more than 100 thousand species of fungi.They, in turn, classified into three divisions:
- these mushrooms;
- oomycetes;
- lichens.
study questions than fungi different from plants and animals, is engaged in mycology science.
difference fungi from plants
mycelium of higher fungi takes significant surface.Many species live in symbiosis with the roots of the trees forming a mycorrhiza.The outer part of the fungus - fruiting body - carries the function of reproduction.And the mushrooms are different from plants?The answer lies primarily in the way that fungi extract nutrients.
- Unlike plant fungi lack chlorophyll - they are not able to produce organic from the inorganic substances.By type of food mushrooms, as well as the animals are heterotrophs.Among the fungi have parasites that cause diseases of animals and plants.These diseases are called mycoses.There are saprophytes, recycle dead organic matter - the remains of plants and animals.Of particular importance are ksilofity cleaving living and dead wood.Symbionts benefit the "master", extracted from the cooperation benefit for themselves.There are even mushrooms predators, living in the ground layer of soil and feed on small worms.
- metabolism of fungi is similar to animals.Proteins, unlike plant - high-grade and final degradation product is urea.The decomposition of dead fungal proteins are broken down ptomaine - cadaveric poison.Energy mushrooms prepared by cleavage of glucose, and plants - carbon dioxide.The metabolism and glycogen present lecithin, which is not the plants.
- Poisons fungi chemical structure similar to animal poisons (snakes), but not the plants.
- cell wall in fungi is well expressed and is composed of proteins and chitin, at least as plants - from cellulose.
So mushrooms only looks like a plant.The fundamental difference between fungi from animals is much less.
The mushrooms are different from animals
Still, there are fungi that unites them with the plants.
- Fungi absorb nutrients across the surface - they have no digestive system.
- Like plants, fungi have rigid cell wall - animal cells have several different shell.
- cell mitosis and the formation of new cells in fungi is similar to those of brown algae.
- Mushrooms can not move independently.
Another than fungi different from plants and animals - their cells may have two nuclei, and special education - fronds - contain many nuclei.Neither plant nor animal this is not observed - the cell always contains a single core.
Fungi and bacteria
The different fungi from bacteria?First, among the bacteria have both autotrophs and heterotrophs so.Other differences:
- in bacterial cells do not have nuclei.
- bacteria - only single-celled organisms.
- Bacteria are microscopic in size, and most fungi can be seen with the naked eye.
- Some types of bacteria are able to move independently with the help of flagella.
Another important factor is what distinguishes fungi from bacteria - the development of the living space.Despite the fact that the mold (which is not more than the mycelium of the fungus) is recognized by scientists one of the most enduring organisms leaders to seize the territory of habitat remaining bacteria.The range of temperature and other indicators of the environment bacteria incomparably higher than that of all other living beings.
What is the difference from the lichen fungi
Department lichens - a unit of the nomenclature of the kingdom of fungi.Unlike fungi of lichens it is that the latter are not more than a symbiosis of algae and fungi.Intertwining strands of mycelium form the body of the lichen and live between the threads of blue-green or green algae - celled.Lichen lives wherever there is light.Fungal mycelium absorbs water and mineral elements of the environment, and algae are obtained from atmospheric carbon dioxide and these substances are synthesized from the organics.Thus, the type of food - avtogeterotrofny that lichen gives obvious advantages both to the actual mushrooms and plants in front.
Scientists still have not agreed on what basis is based interaction fungus and algae.According to one theory, it is a mutually beneficial cooperation.According to another version, the lichen - a parasitic fungus on the algae.Because algae multiplies rapidly, its total destruction occurs.In a third embodiment, the interaction of the fungus and algae presented as a mutual parasitism, to comply fully with the law of the struggle of opposites.
uniqueness
mushrooms Mushrooms are very diverse in structure and habitat.They bring a person both benefit and harm.The main purpose of mushrooms in the circulation of substances - recycling of dead organic matter, particularly wood, and the formation of soil.Fungi produce a large number of biologically active substances and are subject to technological developments in microbiology and biotechnology.
Reproduction fungi occur in various ways.This is one more than the mushrooms are different from plants and other living things, are usually used method of reproduction 1-2.In fungi possible reproduction:
- Vegetative - part of the mycelium, budding or professional education.
- Asexual - via spores (conidia and sporangia).
- Floor - by merging the two primary mycelia.
propagation method based on the classification of fungi in the kingdom.
Variety mushrooms
variety of forms and methods of reproduction and the process of power - this is what mushrooms are different from other organisms.The most famous among the fungi got shlyapochnye mushrooms, because their fruiting body people use for food.The protein in their usefulness is comparable to the meat of animals.There are over 8000 species growing around the globe.Especially prized white fungus, mushrooms and a raincoat, inter alia with healing properties.
Mushrooms-parasites cause considerable damage to agricultural activities.Smut fungi cause diseases of cereal rust look like brown spots, and the tinder settled on tree trunks.Lower-celled fungus Mucor damage food, forming a white coating on them.In nature, this mushroom played a positive role, but it is often the cause of spoilage of bread, vegetables and fruit.Mushrooms of the genus Aspergillus and penicillum are higher fungi, but act on the food as destructive as Mucor.In addition to the expansion of the substrate, the mycelium releases mycotoxins that can cause poisoning in humans and animals.This property is used in men to positive, some types of fungi produce drugs - antibiotics with which treat bacterial disease.Lower fungi cause many diseases of fruits and vegetables: late blight, "blackleg", "cancer of potato."
Yeasts are also mushrooms.These small oval multicellular organisms reproduce in an environment rich in sugar.With their help people produce wine, beer and other alcoholic drinks, sweet breads, they feed the animals.Parasitism yeast plants causes a disease called "powdery mildew", and the people and animals they cause thrush.
Mushrooms are signs rodnyaschie them with animals and plants.In appearance, they are closer to the plants, and on the type of metabolism and nutrition - to animals.Many single-celled fungi are similar to bacteria, but there are significant differences, primarily by the process of reproduction.So scientists are rightly distinguish these amazing creatures in a separate kingdom - the kingdom of fungi.
