Value - is the significance, the importance, usefulness and benefits of something.Outwardly, it appears as one of the properties of objects or phenomena.But their usefulness and importance attributed to them not because of their internal structure, that is not given by nature, they are just that - nothing but a subjective evaluation of the specific characteristics involved in the area of social life.Users are interested in them, and are in need of them.The Constitution of the Russian Federation says that the highest value is the man himself, his liberty and rights.
use of the concept of value in the various sciences
Depending on what kind of science is the study of this phenomenon in society, there are several approaches its use.For example, consider the concept of the philosophy of values as follows: it is the socio-cultural and personal significance of specific objects.In psychology, the same value for understanding all the individual objects of the society, which are valuable for him.This term in this case is closely linked to motivation.But in sociology at values understand those concepts, which he called together the objectives, conditions, phenomena that deserve to be sought for them people.As you can see, in this case, a correlation with motivation.In addition, from the perspective of the social sciences, the following types of values: material and spiritual.The latter are also called eternal values.They are not tangible, but sometimes are much more important to society than all material things combined.Of course, they have nothing to do with the economy.This scientific concept of value is considered as the value of items.At the same time there are two types of it: use-value and exchange value.The first represents a particular value for consumers, depending on the degree of usefulness of the product or its ability to meet human needs, and the latter are valuable because they are suitable for the exchange, and the degree of importance is determined by the ratio that is obtained at an equivalent exchange.That is, the more one is aware of their dependence on the object, the higher its value.People living in urban areas, is entirely dependent on funds because they need them to acquire the necessary goods, namely food.For the villagers of money dependence is not as great as in the first case, as for the livelihoods of food they can get regardless of money, for example, from your own garden.
Different definitions of values
The simplest definition of this concept is a saying that values - all those things and events that can satisfy human needs.They may be material, that is tangible and can be abstract, like love, happiness, and so on. D. By the way, a set of values that are inherent to a particular person or group, called the system of values.Without it, every culture would be meaningless.And here is another definition of value: it is the objective significance of the variety of components (properties and attributes of an object or phenomenon) reality, which are determined by the interests and needs of people.The main thing that they were neobhoimosti person.However, the value and significance are not always equivalent.After all, the first is not only positive, but also negative, but value - it is always positive.Can not something that meets the needs of the people to be negative, but here everything is relative ...
representatives of the Austrian School believe that the core values - a specific number of goods or goods that are required to meet human needs.The more a person is aware of its dependence on the presence of the object, the higher its value.In short, there are important relations between quantity and need.According to this theory, the benefits of which exist in unlimited quantities, for example, water, air, and so on. E., Have no special significance, since they are non-economic.But the good, the amount of which does not meet the requirements, ie they have less than they need, represent real value.This view has both many supporters and opponents who fundamentally disagree with this opinion.
Variability values
This philosophical category has a social nature, as is formed in the course of practice.In this regard, values tend to vary over time.What was important for the society, may not be so for future generations.And we see it first hand.If you look back, we can see that the values of our parents' generation and our largely differ from each other.
main types of values
As noted above, the main types of values are material (promoting life) and spiritual.The last person to give moral satisfaction.Basic types of wealth - it's just good (housing, food, household items, clothing, and so on. D.) And the benefits of a higher order (means of production).However, they both contribute to the life of society, as well as improve the quality of life of its members.A spiritual values people need to build and further develop their attitude, and attitude.They contribute to the spiritual enrichment of the individual.
role of values in society
This category, in addition to what is some significance to society, also plays a role.For example, development of a variety of human values contributes to the acquisition of social experience, whereby it is attached to the culture, and this, in turn, affects the formation of his personality.Another important role of values in the society is that a person is committed to the creation of new wealth, while preserving the old, existing ones.In addition, the value of thoughts, actions, various things is expressed in how they are important to the process of social development, that is, the progress of society.And on a personal level - human development and self-improvement.
Classification
There are several classifications.For example, types of needs.According to this distinction material and spiritual values.But their significance are the last True and False.The classification is also done by area, depending on their carrier, and the time of action.According to first distinguish between economic, religious and aesthetic, the second - universal, group and value of the individual, and the third - the eternal, long-term, short-term and short-term.In principle, there are other classifications, but they are too narrow.
material and spiritual values
Regarding the first, we have already managed to talk above them all is clear.It's all material things that surround us, that make our lives possible.As for the spiritual, they are components of the inner world of people.And here are the source categories of good and evil.The first promote happiness, and the second - all that leads to destruction, and is a cause of dissatisfaction and unhappiness.Spiritual - this is the true values.However, in order to be so, they should coincide with the importance.
religious and aesthetic values
Religion is based on unconditional faith in God, and it does not require any proof.The values in this field - it is a landmark in the life of believers who are due to norms and motives of their actions and behavior in general.But aesthetic values - all that gives a person pleasure.They are directly related to the concept of "beauty".They are associated with the work, with the art.Great is the main category of aesthetic value.Creative people dedicate their lives to creating beautiful, not only for ourselves, but for others, wanting to bring this to others the true joy, delight, admiration.
Personal values
Everyone has their own personal orientation.And they are different people can be radically different.What is important in the eyes of one another can be not valuable.For example, classical music, which leads to a state of ecstatic fans of the genre, someone may seem dull and uninteresting.On the value of the person have a great impact factors such as upbringing, education, circle of friends, the environment, and so on.. Of course, the greatest impact on the personality of the family has.This is the environment in which a person begins its initial development.The first presentation of the values he gets it in his family (group values), but with age it can take some of them and reject others.
to personal values are the following:
- those that are components of the meaning of human life;
- most common meaning of education, which are based on reflexes;
- beliefs that are relevant to the desired behavior or the completion of something;
- objects and phenomena, to which the individual has a weakness or simply indifferent;
- what is important for every human person, and what he considers his property.
That these are the types of personal values.
new approach to determining the values
values - opinions (beliefs).So say some scientists.According to them, it is biased and cool ideas.But when they begin to be activated, then mixed with feelings, while getting some color.Others believe that the core values - goals to which people aspire - equality, freedom and well-being.And also it is a way of behavior, contributing to the achievement of these objectives: compassion, empathy, honesty, and others. According to this theory, the true values should serve as a kind of standards governing the assessment or selection of people, actions and events.
