Anyway man leaves his mark wherever there: particles of skin, hair and saliva.And skin cells are constantly, though in small quantities, release secret: the sweat and grease.It is at their expense, and there are fingerprints on all affected subjects.Their design is unique for each person.So where do fingerprinting, and why it can be useful?
essence
Fingerprinting - a science that studies the papillary drawings, that is, those bars on the skin that every person at their fingertips.Furthermore, since the call identification process on prints these lines.The fact that they are unique for each person and remain at all what people regard.That is why it is an excellent method of identification, rather simple and effective to be used around the world.
Historical background
Initially, the concept of fingerprinting as a section trasologii were invited Argentine physician F. Lattsinoy in 1894.Before that was used is not quite apt term "iknafalangometriya."Then fingerprinting techniques and their use in forensic science is booming.Scientific substantiation for that gave the famous English explorer Francis Galton, and his idea was first developed and is widely put into practice Juan Vucetich.He developed a classification of the prints, and later - a special fingerprint registration system in some South American countries.Thus was made possible the identification of people in the wake of the papillary drawings - one of the basic tools of modern criminology.
difficult to say which of the mentioned scientists gave the greatest impetus to this science as fingerprinting.This is a question that often causes a lot of controversy because Galton proved that match fingerprints from different people is mathematically impossible, and Vucetich serious problem itself easier identification.Most likely, in fact, played a major role is the combination of these achievements.
Genetic fingerprinting
If a commonly understood fingerprinting, what is used here?Obviously, the DNA analysis.It is much more subtle and precise tool.If ordinary fingerprinting can tolerate some error, the error is virtually eliminated because the DNA of each person is unique.Genotyping method was developed in 1984 by a group of researchers led by Alex Dzheffresa.He became famous because it was used in some notorious criminal cases, as well as in an incident involving a football player OJ. Simpson in 1995.
Methods
This method of identification was made possible by the special structure of human DNA.The fact that about 95% of the molecules are non-coding, i.e. do not carry genetic information, but contain a repetitive sequence, which can be spread away from each other or be close.It was in the latter case they are called satellites.The number of repetitions in them can be very different, and if you take different people, it is not guaranteed to match.
There are clusters in which the number of sequences is very small - they are called mini-satellites.And in a certain place in the DNA of each person has two such structures, one from each parent.Genetic fingerprinting is an analysis of these mini-satellites.Thanks to her, we can fairly accurately identify the person whose DNA.Today, this technique plays the same role that was once fingerprinted.But if the past criminal can wipe precaution, do not leave any sort of physical trace of their stay, ie, particles of skin, blood, saliva, hair, and so on. E., Is almost impossible.
accuracy
Genetic fingerprinting is different enough high reliability, that is, subject to certain standards of several test results obtained by different laboratories, will be no different.On the development of certain rules common to all studies of this type, now just go and work.
As for accuracy, the probability of coincidence of the analyzed pieces of DNA from different people is negligible.It is said that the chances of it higher if we are talking about close relatives, their results will be similar in any case.In addition, genotyping accuracy significantly influences the quality of the material.It is one thing - to pass fingerprinting, that is to be tested voluntarily, and quite another - to try to isolate DNA from a drop of dried blood or saliva.
Modern Application
There is a small range of situations in which such a procedure may be useful.First, an area of crimes.Wines of the suspect can be proved, for example, if under the fingernails of the victim will be found skin cells, DNA matching his.For forensic genetic fingerprinting - is a real find, helps to identify the identity of the perpetrator.
Yet a number of situations that require preparation of DNA profiles, this debate about the paternity and inheritance.In the past few decades, such analyzes have become quite popular and available.
addition, genotyping used by anthropologists to trace the history and the relationship of certain nations.By analyzing the DNA of modern humans were made interesting discoveries and assumptions.
Finally, this technique is used in animal husbandry to confirm the purity of the breed or control of genetic diversity.
Where and how to do?
undergo fingerprinting a snap.It is very simple and completely painless procedure.To start with your fingers covered with a special dye, and then make prints on paper.However, many institutions conducted a computer scan of papillary patterns - it eliminates the complexities subsequent digitization.
From 2015 to undergo this procedure is necessary in the preparation of a new generation of Russian passport.In addition, when applying, for example, in the UK visa, you also need to be fingerprinted.But you can do it voluntarily - just go to the nearest branch of the Federal Migration Service.
If there is a question about where to take fingerprints of DNA, there is a way to specialized medical institutions.As the cost of this test and distribute the necessary equipment for its holding of such institutions is growing.This, for example, the Center for Molecular Genetics, where the result can be achieved during the week of 10-20 thousand rubles, or the Institute of Medical Genetics, where the analysis will cost about the same amount.The material is generally a blood or buccal epithelium (smear, which is taken from the inside of the cheeks).Obviously, this procedure is also harmless and practically painless.
Ethical issues
Some lawyers believe that the creation of a system comprising a fingerprint or genetic material not only criminals, but ordinary law-abiding citizens is contrary to fundamental human rights, in the case of forced to undergo these procedures.In general concern is the possibility of breaking a single database that would entail unauthorized access to confidential information, as genetic fingerprinting - is actually a DNA passport, and such information should not just be in the public domain.
In addition, the collection and constant updating of such a database - a very expensive pleasure, and cost, obviously, will fall on the shoulders of taxpayers.As the world and Russian practice, it makes sense to limit the circle of persons for whom fingerprinting will undergo mandatory military personnel power structures, civil servants and, of course, convicted or serving an administrative arrest.For the rest of the procedure of fingerprinting or delivery of genetic material must be strictly voluntary.
