Russian folk craft combines a huge layer of culture.The peculiarity of our country in the fact that almost every corner of it, the region or autonomous region has its own kind of needlework.It can be painted in different materials, pottery and toys, lace, pastries and much more.
painting
Russia has long been famous for the world artists.Such patterns, which served our masters, could not think of any one European artist.Over time, even some developed areas and schools that continue the tradition of our people.
List all types of painting and art in Russia is practically impossible.There are so many and each bears certain characteristics of the terrain and culture.The most famous Russian folk arts and crafts, is:
- Gzhel.These blue patterns on a white porcelain known throughout the CIS and abroad.Initially tableware from a special white clay used for its own needs.Over time, it has spread throughout Russia, and even began to be used for 'pharmaceutical needs. "The original and memorable pattern on a white dish appeared much later - at the end of the XIX century.
- arts and crafts - Khokhloma.This is one of the well-known symbol of Russia.This thoughts for nearly 400 years.It emerged in Nizhny Novgorod.The peculiarity of the figure is that tree or pot depicting various berries, flowers, birds and animals.It uses mostly red and black ink on a gold background.Sometimes used green and yellow.
- Gorodets painting.The fishery is unique in that its technology was originally used different kinds of wood: one light, the other dark.The special cut of the notch inserted and receives a peculiar pattern.Later they began to use the touch-up.Virtually every basic element of the picture - a beautiful horse with outstretched neck.
Apart from these techniques, which use crafts and crafts, there are a huge number of paintings, which today boasts all Russia.They are a symbol of our country and the subject of her pride.This Zhostovo and Mezen painting, Fedoskino and Palekh miniatures, and much more.
pottery
It is known that ancient Russians were mostly sedentary people and hardworking.In everyday life actively use a variety of pottery.So popular in those days was a Russian folk craft - pottery.
Few people know that initially this was done exclusively by women.It was only much later that the fishery was entirely in the hands of powerful men.
usually takes this craft in places of natural accumulations of clay.As a rule, they were formed near the villages and settlements.Secrets of pottery were handed down from generation to generation.
most famous districts in Russia, which is famous for its craftsmen, are made wonderful pottery became Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan, Gzhel, Vologda and many others.Typically, these were the areas that are close to rivers and lakes.
of clay was made not only utensils.Widespread various toys, figurines, whistles, jewelery and home furnishings.A striking example - crafts Gzhel.Initially, there were made various ceramic tableware.Now any Russian souvenir shop you can find a piece of pottery with a proprietary unique blue pattern.
In the Nizhny Novgorod region pottery originated in the XVI century.One of his points was Bogorodskoye.Until now, there is a festival of masters and fans of this craft.
in central Russia have been widely known and used clay tiles.This art required much skill and endurance.Clay obnalichnikami decorated homes of the rich boyars, as well as many churches and cathedrals.
Weaving and lace
It is virtually the same for the Russian traditional art, like painting or carving.However, this ancient Russian folk craft carried a magical function.After all, clothes Slavs - is not only a way to protect against the cold and bad weather, but also a good way to once again be saved from all the evil eye, damage or disease.That is why
pattern on the products of Russian masters is so important.For many centuries it has not changed.At the same time it is a business card of every nation living in the territory of Russia.They also incorporated information about its development, important events and heroes.
most famous are such handicrafts:
- Objects king's goods. In the Middle Ages, this skill is very appreciated, and often in the homes of the wealthy boyars and princes could be seen embroidered tablecloths embassy, patterned fabrics and special linen cloth.The most famous masters purchased Kadashevskaya settlement and Khamovniki Moscow region.Also valued products and Breytovo Cherkasovo Yaroslavl region.
- Downy shawls .This product, like matryoshka or khokhloma are the hallmark of Russia.The greatest popularity gained Orenburg downy shawls.For the first time they became known since the dawn of the XVIII century.They are made of a soft and warm goat down, as well as silk, cotton and paper, and other yarns, taken as a basis.Also known half-woolen and woolen Pavlovsky Posad shawls printed.
- Lace .For the first time this folk craft has spread in the XVII century.In hand-made lace is made using wooden sticks, bobbins.However, they have a special notch filaments.It is through these sticks masters weave the desired patterns.Aboriginal centers of lace in Russia was Vologda, Mikhailovsky district in Ryazan, the Soviet area in the Kirov region and Yelets district in Lipetsk region.
Like many Russian folk crafts, weaving and lace in the Soviet period and today almost does not develop.You're quite a few artists who could completely recreate the techniques and patterns on ancient traditions.
Blacksmithing
Russia has always been famous for strong and healthy people.No wonder blacksmithing has become one of the most honored and respected craft our ancestors.It is these strong and hardy people were legends and epics were composed as the pride of the nation and its heroes.
Iron was known to our direct ancestors - Slavs.And already in the XI century, this Russian folk craft is most prevalent.Even the largest principality located just near the deposits of ore and clay.
usually blacksmiths independently extracted and processed metal.At the same time the technique of forging practically unchanged until the XIX century.First, a piece of metal heated up by a blacksmith's forge and then compacted using a hammer and remove all metal slag.
Craftsmen manufactured not only swords.They gave people the locks and keys, axes and knives, nails and needles, boilers, weights and much more.
main centers of blacksmithing in the Russian city of Zlatoust steel, which is appreciated by our kings and worshiped as the capital of the armory, Pavlovsky prison, Siberia, the city of Belev and many others.Iimenno these places made famous blacksmithing and forever included it in Russian folk crafts.
carving and bone
Another ancient, but not completely forgotten craft.Our people all have a sacred meaning.Even in ordinary things of daily use ancestors tried to use special items.It is for this, and there were various folk crafts applications.Especially prized product of natural materials: stone, bone or wood.
addition that are doing various household items, art crafts and so on., With the help of thread adorn the facades of buildings, made sculptures and so on. D.
Special popularity got such crafts:
- Shemogodskaya trench elm.This art has its roots in the Vologda region.Birch, despite its apparent fragility, is quite strong and durable material.Vologda masters manufactured a variety of baskets, dishes, tuesa, jewelry, and even shoes and clothes.The peculiarity of these products is that the pattern is interwoven with traditional natural floral ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems.
- Varnavinsky bone carving.This art handicrafts of Nizhny Novgorod masters.There it is on the basis of a special house carving performed on wood.The peculiarity of these products is the absolute uniqueness and individuality.For each item manually, without any patterns and stamps.
- Abramtzevo-Kudrino thread.This extraordinary artistic craft became widely known in the XIX century.Using this technique makes buckets, dishes, vases and boxes, as well as any items and home decor items.The peculiarity of these products is the prevalence of different scrolls, rosettes, branches, toning and polishing the wood.
Beside these crafts, Russia is rich masters that can not simply apply patterns on stone, bone or wood.These how-to complement the natural pattern of the material own work.That is why these products are so unusual and unique.
Handicrafts Toys
main thing for any family - is procreation.That is why children are always given special attention.They are followed, they taught and, of course, played with them.In order to take the child doing special crafts: leather, fabric, wood, stone, and so on. D.
Russian crafts for children:
- Matryoshka .The most famous toy that has become a symbol of Russia.For the first time this wooden doll appeared in the late XIX century.In total, it consists of eight parts.Carved doll conventional lathe.It was then painted and got kind of Russian girls with the same, only smaller copies inside.
- Toy Bogorodskaya, carved .These toys began to produce more in the XVI-XVII centuries.At the same time, the master did not just ordinary sculptures, but also special moving figures.It hunters, farmers, animals and birds, as well as entire scenes from everyday rural life.
- Dymkovo toys .Handicrafts of this settlement are known virtually all over Russia.Even in the XV century, the tradition of making fun toys, whistles made of clay.These figures of animals, people and the birds carried the ancient images.The tradition of this fishery is not normally transmitted from father to son and from mother to daughter.
list all known and old dynasty, who have dedicated their skills to children, can be infinite.And each had its own character toys, special features, not characteristic of the rest.Glass-blowing production
This is one of the most difficult and interesting activities at the same time.In Russia, a blowing fish appeared not so long ago - in the XVIII century.Its founder was Prince Menshikov.And, despite the fact that initially the production of invited foreigners, later turned into occupation of our national Russian folk craft.
Centre became a glass-manufacturing town of Klin.It is there now can get to the fabulous exhibition of Christmas decorations and ornaments.Why this town near Moscow?This region is rich in valuable deposits of sand for glass blowers - quartz, without which it is impossible to manufacture.
Another place known all over the country, it's Gus Crystal.This town owes its name to an ancient glass-blowing factory, founded in the XVIII century and owned by famous Russian businessmen Maltsov.
Who is this wonderful plant produces a variety of products of this fragile material.This wine glasses and wine glasses, vases and damasks, as well as interesting souvenirs and even home furnishings.
Modern exhibition of handicrafts
most important thing now for many Russian artists and crafts - continue to evolve.Popularity - is the key to success.The more people know and appreciate the craft, the better, the more orders get master.
In addition, handicrafts help the new generation to understand the history and culture of their own country.This is not only interesting and informative, but also a lot of fun, especially for young children.After all, almost every one of our product uses bright colors, funny figures with funny characters.
As a rule, where concentrated production of various handicrafts, annual trade fairs.It was here that masters bring their best products for the display and sale.
most famous and interesting fair today:
- Exhibition of handicrafts "Rook."It takes place in Nizhny Novgorod every year.Here it is not only the arts and crafts of local artists, but also the best Russian craftsmen.This event takes place in mid-December.
- Ethnomir - masters and crafts.This exhibition takes place in the Kaluga region in September.She collected the best masters of Russian and world.As part of the festival also hosts a very interesting and informative master classes for all comers.
Solovetsky Crafts Fair.This is an annual event in the Arkhangelsk region visited by masters from Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Moscow, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod and other artisan towns and villages.Especially prized visitors crafts - Khokhloma, gzhel and toys.
addition to these fairs, there are many others who collect large numbers of people and contribute to the re-emergence of long-forgotten handicrafts.
Knife fishing
Art processing of metal was spread almost the entire territory of Russia.And there were in different parts of the whole production centers of knives, dishes, a variety of cutlery.
particularly famous for his ability to master the Nizhny Novgorod.Center for Creative metal fishing became Pavlovskaya Sloboda.The first reminder of him appeared in the XVI century.Then the art of handicrafts spread to other areas and regions.For example, the village Vorsma.The art and skill of local craftsmen were known far beyond Russia.During the Soviet Union this place became the official capital of the "knife fishing."
Russian knives and utensils were decorated with a wide variety of materials ranging from bone to the pearl and jasper.They deduced a special engraving, which served not only as decoration but also a kind of stamp production.
One of the most famous houses that made these folk crafts family business applications and transfer technologies and tricks of the trade from father to sons, steel Ptitsyn, Zavyalov and Biryutiny.Their products have made a huge impression on the trade fair in Philadelphia, London, Berlin and Paris.
Jewelcrafting
in Russia is one of the most valuable and popular crafts of our people.Until now, products of the ancient Russian masters amaze the mind and imagination of visitors and experts from numerous museums and exhibitions.Jewelcrafting is remarkable in that it is based on many crafts and folk crafts.This forging, carving, painting and much more.
jewelry accompanied the Russian person from birth to death.Even at baby clothes any beads and pierced ears girls aged 6-8 years.Boys tend to rely one earring.In addition to these ornaments, the people have been popular diverse bracelets, rings and precious rings, buckles and so on.The most common materials in Russia were gold, silver and pearls.Later, during the period of active development of trade relations, there were rubies, emeralds, sapphires and garnets.
Despite the fact that the Russian princely houses was often invited foreign masters, in Russia there were many of their own heroes.It Ovdokimov Gabriel, who did the cover for cancers of the deceased Crown Prince Dmitry, Moscow masters Ivan Popov, Tretiak Pestrikov and Athanasius Stepanov.
Centers jewelry crafts have become the central regions, giving rise to crafts - Gzhel, artistic forging and painting, etc., Nizhny Novgorod, Red Village, Great Ustyug and many others.
